Internet Marketing Saves Time and Cost

Term paper â€Å"Internet marketing saves time and cost† Nowadays because of technological changes it becomes very easy for every marketer to market the product or business through internet. The growth of Internet technology has enormous potential as it reduces the costs of product and service delivery and extends geographical boundaries in bringing buyers and sellers together. The Internet provides opportunities for an organization to enhance its business in a cost-effective and practical manner.It became easy to do marketing research, reach markets serve customers better, distribute products faster, solve customer problems, and communicate more efficiently with business partners. It saves the time and cost as well that could be the cost of market research, advertising, reaching the customers etc. E-commerce also creates value for customers in many ways. Customers are considered as a market of one. They can access a greater variety of products, often at lower prices.Using the internet and related technologies to complete significant marketing activities is known as e-marketing or electronic marketing. The ways that some marketing activities are performed have changed as businesses have turned to e-commerce. Customers are like lifeblood of an organization. They are also considered as a KING of the market because a customer decides whether he is going to buy anything from you or anybody else that anybody could be your business rival as well. It is your duty to satisfy your customer and let him stick with you forever.And will convince their family and friends too to be your customer if they are satisfied with your product and services. Mostly online customers are innovators or risk takers who do not hesitate to try new and unique products and check the services of different organizations. If a business person want to sell products online it should turn its marketing efforts towards the early adopters. Internet marketing also has greater impact on marketing mix especially on promotion of the products. There is a broad range of products marketed on the Internet that range from consumable goods to durable goods.Services marketed on the Internet also range from online newspapers to business-wide consultation. In digital services business-support services are the activities that support businesses in developing and delivering digital products and services. Business-support services include web design, web site hosting. Consumer services are the activities that support consumer access to and use of internet resources and digital information. New and innovative products are now developed because of the change in technology. The demands of the customers are also increasing because of it.It became easy for marketer to set price online and earn more profit because it reduces the cost of the advertising and marketing like billboards, newspapers and TV ads etc. Businesses use a promotional mix to reach their objectives. A promotional mix include s advertising, personal selling, sales promotions, and hypermedia. Today, most e-commerce promotional campaigns require a combination of traditional methods. Each element of the promotional mix has strengths for reaching specific communication goals. Promotional placement in a medium is known as advertising.The internet is the fastest-growing advertising Medium. Telemarketing and direct mail were attempts to personalize advertisement in order to make it more effective. These direct marketing approaches worked fairly well but were expensive and slow and seldom truly one-to-one interactive. The Internet introduces the concept of interactive marketing, which has enabled advertisers to interact directly with customers. Banner ads act like placement ads in print media. To catch a viewer's eye, banner ads are now using animation, java programming, and multimedia.Banner ads are useful in creating awareness of products and in communicating information about them. Distribution is an importan t part of any marketing transaction. Many businesses aim to gain competitive advantage by using E-Systems to de-layer the distribution chain. For example, Dell supplies customers directly, rather than through distributors, wholesalers or retailers. It is cheap but risky if u fail to deliver on time you can lose a valuable customer. It is significant for managers to understand what value is, how it is created and how it could be added.The internet provides many opportunities for companies to increase economic utility and, therefore, customer satisfaction. As time is money, through internet marketing there is no need to WAIT, for a revised version, updating is quick, automatic, and prompt as required. Adding more pages to a document online involves virtually no expense compared to the additional cost. One can provide more information to the customers. One can reach more customers than ever before and it does not cost a penny more. Internet marketing allows the customers to research an d purchase products and services at their wn leisure. Through internet marketing the marketer access to valuable information which determines which messages and offerings are more important and effective with the consumer. This method equates to faster results because online marketing intiaties usually requires the user to click on an ad, visit a website, and or perform a target action. Internet marketing is a smooth and hassle-free media of promotion, advertisement. It saves time and is cost effective than the traditional marketing style. Millions of homebuyers hit the internet for information.Internet homebuyers make better clients. References: Scott F. Geld (2003) Marketing is whatever you do to promote and grow your business including market research, advertising, publicity, sales, merchandising and distribution. Internet marketing uses the sources of online business networks and interactive media to reach marketing objectives†¦no paper, no telephone, no call, no in person appearances. Electro versions of catalogs, brochures, white papers, data sheets etc don’t have to print, store or shipped to your customer. A question arises?What about the manpower/lady power cost? You no longer require as many people to handle mailing and distribution of your marketing collateral more savings! Wrent Nest (2010) If one takes the advantage of the web for promoting and advertising purposes, businesses not just reach their target viewers but they can track the achievements of a campaign since the figures and success rates of the campaign is really an easy task to trace. This provides the businesses with strong statistics on whether or not their marketing strategies are profitable or if they want enhancement.Julie Rotter (www. jrotter. biz) In addition to the huge audience of an excellent prospective client, the internet offers both convenience and cost effectiveness than that traditional media; websites are more engaging and informative than even the best broch ures. Emails make it easier and cheaper to keep in touch with existing clients. One does not need to have a four or five-figure marketing budget to create a professional online presence. Julie Hume (2012) A website is like an expensive box of chocolates.The outer carton may have a satin finish, the letters embossed in copper foil, the edges die-cut love hearts and the whole wrapped in a purple satin ribbon. Gorgeous! Who cares? Let me at the chocolate say that pretty box its job and enticed the browser to buy. How happy will be the purchase if its contents are past the sell by date, the chocolates covered in mold and the sweet centre fermented and rotten. EEEW. she put hell emphasis on creating a website not only saves the time and cost but act as an influencer to make a purchase or experience it!For examples Wikipedia and Craigslist now a good visual sites but still a center an attraction for gaining the information. Website link (www. urbanroute. com) Improve your Competitive Edge Expand Customer Base and target Audience Increase referrals and word of mouth Boost sales, repeat business and customer loyalty Save time and money by reducing marketing costs Build customer trust / Protect your customers privacy Rashad Yazdanifard1, Melissa Venpin2, Wan Fadzilah Wan Yusoff 3, Mohammad Rabiul Islam4([email  protected] om) Internet marketing (IM) is also known as digital marketing, web marketing, online marketing, or e-marketing. As the name states, it is the advertising of products or services over the Internet. However, it also implies marketing through the wireless media and through e-mail. It helps us in creating good relationships with our customers and makes our life easy. Initially internet was used by fresh graduates and the bigger organizations for smooth working but now it became a trend to use internet and people that do not have internet at their home or offices are considered as backward.Now being trendy means that you are using internet and finding s olutions of your problems on it instead of going to a consultant personally. Because Internet grew in only five years and there are no barriers for time or location, marketing online has become the new era in E-commerce with petty variable cost per customer. Now internet is considered as the easy and somehow necessary tool of marketing for that reason website designers are hired who make the websites interesting and attractive for the customers.A well designed Web site can lead to an interesting, low cost means for sales promotion to worldwide customers. Shopping on the Internet is convenient as there is no time restriction, it is comfortable since it is in a user friendly environment and there is also an instant satisfaction of ordering, paying and delivering. Enhancing brand image, creating awareness and providing customer service are more important than just selling the products or entertaining customers. David C.Gilbert, Jan Powell-Perry and Santander Widijoso (1999), â€Å"App roaches by hotels to the use of the Internet as a relationship marketing tool†, Journal of Marketing Practice: Applied Marketing Science, Vol. 5 Internet marketing will become even more important in the future. As more companies will have access to the Internet, they will start doing business over the Internet. China’s economy will be in another dimension with E-commerce where customer focus, responsible business practices and innovation are the determinants of success and not customer relationship.With a decrease in communication prices, more customers will shift to the Internet as well. Customers will look for a business on the Web since there are unique opportunities for marketing a company’s service, selling products and gathering information on the Net. The marketing mix plays an important role in IM in E-commerce; deciding what type of advertising best suit customers through the Web. This is the new era of innovation; where everyone will be interacting on t he Web. Conclusion:We’ve concluded from the articles of above mentioned authors that the Internet network is a marketing network use by advertisers, marketers, and society to find the right combination of marketing mix to best suit customer’s needs. It is important for a company of this era to have access to the Internet to be more successful. Internet marketing does not only target consumers, but also Internet advertisements client marketers from companies. Internet brings new issues that must be considered and may require a rethinking of the existing marketing mix. The internet allows companies to mass customize a wide range of products.Internet makes pricing and competitor information faster and more transparent, meaning that market forces also tend to act faster and perhaps more efficiently. People do not have much time now to be spent on shopping so in this era of fast technology internet plays vital role because now people rely mostly on online shopping than goin g personally to the shops. For this companies hire web designers who make the websites attractive and innovative for the customers. The most effective online shopping appeal for consumers is not to â€Å"save time† but to do more or to get more done!

Compare Traditional Radio Listening with Listening to a Station Via a Mobile App. How Are They Different?

Hayden Cremeens COM 200 Chapter 8 Essay 6. Compare traditional radio listening with listening to a station via a mobile app. How are they different? When the radio became a popular past-time in America, it changed society. The radio industry is a rapidly growing business; the number of stations increased 100% from 1970 to 2010 (Dominick, 2013, p. 189). Traditional broadcastings like talk-shows and National Public Radio announcements eventually shifted into a majority of music-orientated stations; however both formats still remain.Traditional FM radio stations that are available nationally or locally have limitations of the genre of music that one listens to; opposed to mobile app, such as Pandora, that allows you to choose specific genres. Traditional radio stations have more commercials than mobile apps; therefore constant interruption during music streaming. Some traditional radio stations have embraced the apps.Clear Channel, a radio company, has had success with the merge of trad itional radio to a mobile app. Clear Channel has developed the IHeartRadio app; which allows users to listen to local radio stations in over 150 stations where ever their location (Dominick, 2013, p. 188). I prefer mobile apps because they stream directly to a computer, smartphone or other portable device (Dominick, 2013, p. 194).Apps offer choice-based stations like Pandora (Dominick, 2013, p. 194). Choice-based stations â€Å"†¦let listeners choose their favorite artists and types of music to create their own playlists. In effect, listeners program their own unique radio station (Dominick, 2013, p. 194). † References Dominick, J. (2013). The dynamics of mass communication: Media in the digital age (12th ed. ). New York: McGraw-Hill.

Finance C1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Finance C1 - Essay Example ence on the textile import from Asia especially from China, Pakistan , India and Bangladesh coupled with China’s traditional superiority in producing cost effective products gave EU a opportunity to increase its trade volume with the region and with it the currency of the trade also. The recent economic happenings in the world economy are clearly suggesting a weakening American economy which is lingering from its subprime crisis and now seems to be engulfing into the energy crisis as the oil prices have started to raise also. The overall situation suggests a different story, a new feature, and new rules of the economic superiority in the world. Though the US is the largest single economy in the world however, its neighboring countries are not that powerful in terms of their economic standing therefore any kind of regional pacts such as EU may not provide a more and better economic power to US to further influence the world economy. In the spring of 2008, dollar traded nearly at $1.6 per Euro suggesting the slide of Dollar against the Euro in the recent past. The rising dollar against the Euro as well as a mild to medium recession into the US economy is suggesting a hint of decrease in the overall competitiveness of the US economy. The consistent slide of dollar in the international market against another major currency suggest that the future may develop itself into a new face where the currency of competition within the international markets may no longer remain as dollar but may very well see Euro as the major currency for trade in international market. The British Prime Minister has recently said that all the Europe will combine together to bail out the current crisis into the international markets and many observers view this statement within the context of the dominance of the EU over the world markets if it succeed in bringing the required stability into the world economic markets. (Rhodes, 2008). The qu estion whether the Euro will lead the future

Specializing On Safety Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Specializing On Safety Management - Essay Example Upon studying the PowerPoint presentation entitled â€Å"Goal Setting for Young Professionals†, the first lesson I grasped was on the essence of goals in life. The presentation was rather frank on the areas where individuals waste precious time as they engage in unyielding routine activities such waiting for others (Mark, p5). Upon understanding this perception, the next set of thoughts that were triggered upon reading the presentation is the annual evaluation attributed to a successful individual. The review focused on various topics that define a successful individual, including investment, self utilization and ambition (Mark, p2). This was further stressed by the section that points on the avenues upon which to achieve various goals, inclusive of the appropriate steps of achieving each. These lessons have had a significant contribution to my profession life, especially with regards to issues such as planning and management of issues such as time. Subsequently, they have enabled me to be able to develop a blue print of my goals and ambitions for the next couple of years. This is of significant essence since it enables one lead an organized life that is steered by ambitions and an execution time frame. Apparently, a successful career deserves to incorporate a set of ambitions and beliefs that seek to offer the avenue upon which it subscribes. These factors are anticipated to shape up the path towards apprehending my professional ambitions.

Culture and International Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Culture and International Business - Essay Example Yet, McDonalds own brand also gave the company problem that is more pronounced than any other american brands. Perhaps there are no other American brands which had been patently labeled and stereotyped as a symbol of American imperialism than that of McDonalds. This issue is magnified by the fact McDonalds typically becomes a target (usually by vandalism) everytime there are protests against the American government abroad. The irony of it is that perhaps there are no other fast food chain in the market that exerts that much effort than McDonalds to assimilate with the local culture where it operates. Its franchises outside of North America are not even run by Americans but by the locals who took pains to customize its offerings just to cater to the local preference. But no matter what it does, McDonalds will always be associated with American imperialism. This misconception about McDonalds is not only limited to cultural labeling but extends to social status as well. Section II: McDo nalds, cheap yet classy? McDonalds is also having a social stratification issue on how it should position itself in the market. Shall it serve the mid section and upper section or the upper section of the market? Market response is ambivalent that it proves difficult to categorize which market should McDonals concentrate. In emerging markets such as Russia, China, even including South Asia, McDonalds is considered to be a restaurant that is a class above the rest and highly esteemed as a brand. Eating at McDonalds can even be considered as a status symbol. Yet in its major market in the United States and Europe where it derives two thirds of its revenue, the fast food chain is considered to be a cheap food, something to be eaten just to survive not to mention unhealthy. As a food, McDonalds does not have the respect in its major market compared to the esteemed it have in emerging markets. In UK, it even came to a point that McDonalds will be taxed alleging that it is damaging people ’s health and costs the health care substantial amount. In the United States, parents are even suing the company for misleading them over its nutritional value. These ambivalence of market’s reaction towards McDonalds makes it difficult for the company to adopt a universal market strategy to penetrate the global market. What it does is to constantly adapt to the eccentricities of its local market whose magnitude of its assimilation may have already changed the company itself. Section 3. Who influences who with McDonalds? In its effort to assimilate with the preferences of its local markets, McDonalds customizes its menu in a myriad of ways to the point of departure to its original menu. In Germany, McDonalds can be served with beer. In Israel, McDonald’s burgers does not have cheese. In India, its patties are not made of beef. In UK, traditional supersize meals are no longer welcome and is replaced by healthy offerings. The list goes on and on with the changes M cDonalds have implemented just to cater to the differing taste preference of its local market. These change is not only limited to McDonald’s food offerings but also extends to its suppliers. Along with the changing menu is also the change of suppliers to make such change in menu possible. These change in suppliers makes it patently un-McDonald because a

Week 3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 3

Week 3 - Essay Example In a large enterprise, tracking the use of these resources helps in the effective allocation of costs as per the departments. In the end, an organization is able to understand how its network resources are used and how they are paid for. Thirdly, a good reference model plays an important role in the configuration management. This mainly involves understanding the configurations of the devices and network (Nuangjamnong, et al, 2008). This is helpful when adding new components onto the network or when distributing resources to increase capacity. For an enterprise, proper configuration management promotes effective use of the network in undertaking business activities. Forth, the reference model will help in promoting security management. Specifically, the reference model helps in the authentication and authorization processes, thereby controlling who accesses the network. In addition, the reference model plays a role on protecting the security and integrity of the data on the network (Nuangjamnong, et al, 2008). This is important for most enterprises because loss of data or breach of security could have devastating effects to the operations. Finally, having a good reference model ensures that the network management system effectively monitors performance of the network. The organization is thus able to satisfy the needs of all the users with minimum failures and interruptions. Enterprises need to have all the relevant units served effectively in order to enhance the operations within the organization. Nuangjamnong, C. , Maj, S. P., & Veal, D. R. (2008). The OSI Network Management Model - Capacity and performance management . Proceedings of 4th IEEE International Conference on Management of Innovation and Technology . ICMIT 2008. (pp. 1266- 1270). Bangkok, Thailand.

British Petrolium Exploration Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

British Petrolium Exploration - Essay Example Finally BP Explorations current strategies against future competitions they face are also discussed. According to Forbes (2004), BP was compared with, Shell, ExxonMobil and Total. The data were taken from the companies non-financial reports (CnFR), added on with more information on their CSR website. This data was made available at the time of the analysis (BP, 2005; ExxonMobil,2004; Shell, 2004; Total, 2004). The prime objective of the analysis was to get information on the actions which the companies attributed to CSR, what the inducements, aims, and targets for these actions were, and how they designed to attain this. A real study of the four companies reveals the fact that they are very similar in many respects. The table below presents some vital information about the 4 companies. Apart from the information presented in the above table all the companies possess a major part of the value chain of oil and gas resources. The four companies are concerned from extraction to retailing and they have a large petro-chemical activity. Corporate governance is a mode of the direction and control which the companies have on their operations. ... This term derived force only after the corporate scandals like Enron in which leaders profited themselves rather then the company. The companies deal with this issue by giving a description of proper assessment making procedure and the economic interests of those making these determinations, i.e. stock options, participation in other companies etc. Extended producer liability is regarding the responsibility for the products after they have been sold, generally for the use and removal phase of the life cycle. BP centers on modifying their customers to use their products safely (BP, 2001, BP Business Policies: What we stand for. Retrieved April 21, 2009 from www.bp.com). Smart technology moves Getting the right technology is vital for building a competitive energy business and for creating a sustainable future. The strategy which was instituted on tackling precise technologies in back up of clear business goals (Frontiers, December 2003), is now bearing fruit in the case of BP. The company is developing so that it faces to meet the challenge of the world's rising energy demand by discovering new ways of getting at more hydrocarbons from on hand and new resources. The company also believes in BPE 5 developing and delivering new products to customers. In a way by investing in technology the business in BP is shaping up and is opening up new alternatives. At present BP ranks as the number two oil and gas company and this company has achieved through its market capitalization.'Market Capital is nothing but the share price multiplied by the number of shares in issue, Rankings are normally done on a $ basis.' When calculating in dollars for BP the ADR price (American Depository Receipt - the

Current Issues Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Current Issues - Essay Example This issue is identified as important as the nurses are the integral part of the health care sector. It cannot be denied that the nurses and other staff are the most important requirement of the health care sector. They are the one who are responsible for the care after the diagnosis of the sickness by doctors. The staff crisis is vital and has a direct impact on the health treatment of the patient. The work load on the nurses has increased and the risk of error, injury and occupational exposure might increase tremendously. The staffing crisis is affecting the health care industry and the patient’s life at large. The health care policies are framed with the objective of promoting the health of people in the society for ensuring healthy future. However, the nursing staff crisis can be seen to act as a hurdle towards achieving the goal of health care policy (Wong, 2012). Several American hospitals are facing the issue of staff crisis affecting the patient care needs and the nursing practices. Due to the increase in the staff crisis nurses are not being able to deliver quality service to the patients. According to Royal College of Nursing (2010), the nurses are being forced by the authority to work for more hours and serve every patient even if they are not competent. The crisis is creating an immense situation wherein the safety of the patients are at stake, increasing the chances of errors and accidents. Due to the crisis nurses are assigned with the responsibility of meeting the care needs of many patients than their ability to handle safely. This implies that the nursing practices might be affected leading to incorrect medication, patients accidents along with delay in providing care. This issue is indeed creating a negative impact on the patients as well as on the existing nursing staff in the form of increased work pressure (Needleman et al.,

User generated content Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

User generated content - Coursework Example User Generated Content has affected the hotel industry in a big way. With the advent of social media and various travel websites, the consumers and the viewers can easily post their feedbacks or review about a particular Hotel. The major impact in this case for the Hotel industry has been in the form of online reputation that is created by the reviews of the travelers across the world. Concerning negative online reviews, the larger part in the hospitality industry has a somewhat uplifting disposition. Negative UGC about ones lodging is seen as a chance for further enhancing administrations or figuring out all the more about requirements and wishes of clients. With respect to which are considered after negative UGC showed up Schmallegger & Carson (2008) contend that amending unfavorable presumptions specifically on the stage would be less satisfactory. As the consequences of a research demonstrate that a dominant part of the lodgings would cooperate with the author of the remark and attempt to determination it firsthand. Only a few of them would ignore it and let it go for legal actions. The user generated review helps the hotels in improving their service towards their consumers. Another impact of these reviews which cannot be neglected is the effect of ranking of the hotels on the basis of the review in the various travel websites. Generally, we have seen that, t he ratings of the reviews provided by the customers decide on the positioning of the hotel in a travel websites. An alternate intriguing conclusion produced by a study is that once a purchaser has stood up with great reviews and appraisals, lower estimating no more recommends lower quality. On the off chance that the review is great, the lodging is great. This understanding gives inn income chiefs the chance to play with valuing to create fleeting interest without adversely effecting

Peter Matthiessen Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Peter Matthiessen - Research Proposal Example (Commire, pp. 27-28) Other than fiction, he has proved to be a master with his nonfiction writings. For instance, the 1975 shootout of FBI and Native Americans were examined in the year 1983 by Matthiessen in his book, In the Spirit of Crazy Horse. (McKay, pp. 28-30) However, Peter Matthiessen acquired a more natural place for himself in midst of other novelists through his travel writing that renounced him as a complete advocate of natural world. (Bonetti, pp. 35-37) In the year 1978, endangered creatures and spiritual development was lyrically analyzed by him through his book, In the Snow Leopard that provided him with the National Book Award. (Howard, pp. 56-58) In the year 1991, his African Silences explained his trekking experiences in African and Antarctica regions, which was followed by his another book, End of the Earth in the year 2003 that recounted the same experiences. In addition, the protection of majestic cranes and ecosystem of the earth was encouraged by his book, the Birds of Heaven in the year 2001. Until now, the paper has briefly discussed some of his renowned books that have recognized him as a living legend. (Kibler, pp. 92-93) Peter Matthiessen has also completed documentaries on different films, one of which is Blue Wate r, White Death that was a film related to the natural world, one of his favorite themes. (Nicholas, pp. 17-18) One of the major characteristics of Peter Matthiessen is his scrupulous and thorough approach to the topics that are considered during his writings. American Indian issues and natural history are some of his frequently focused topics since fifty years. Now, the paper will discuss his personal life and career, which will be followed by a brief conclusion. On May 22, 1927, an American naturalist and living legend was born in New York City that was named Peter Matthiessen by his parents. Peter Matthiessen is credited for more than twenty non-fictional and fictional books, and has been one of the

Looking Glass Self Essay Example for Free

Looking Glass Self Essay In the most basic terms the Looking Glass self is your self image which is formed by the views others hold of you. These views the people around you have can have either a positive or negative effect on your self imagine. First we picture how our personality and appearance will come off to others, and then we think about how they will judge our personality and appearance. As people around us pass judgment on who we are this is when our self-concept develops, basically who we think we are and how we feel about ourselves as a whole. These judgments’ can have a powerful effect on ones beliefs and feelings about themselves. I’ve felt and been effected by the beliefs another person has about me. When I was in the 8th grade I thought I was a wonderful student, smart, well behaved. I felt as though my teachers all thought the same way. Then one day my homeroom teacher called me stupid for missing a homework assignment. To be called out in front of the class like that was horrifying. Though that wasn’t the only time an incidence like that occurred. In the 9th grade I struggled with math. I did poorly on tests, I already lacked confidence in the subject and it took one day with a substitute teacher to shatter it completely. I will never forget the words she said to me â€Å"Why can’t you finish the test? Are you stupid? † As child of any age, those words are damaging to the way you feel about yourself, and the way you think others perceive you. â€Å"Tell a child he’s stupid enough times and eventually hell start believing you, claims Benj Vardigan, with the Behavioral Institute. When a child makes mistakes or doesn’t understand a concept, his knee-jerk reaction may be to conclude that he’s stupid. Take that one step further and watch a child stop trying to understand or stop trying to learn a concept because he automatically assumes he can’t figure it out. † (Hatter) In A Class Divided on of the first examples of looking glass self that I picked up on was when the children came back in from recess after fighting. Mrs. Elliot asks â€Å"What’s wrong with being called brown eyes? † and a little  boy, Roy, says â€Å"It means we’re stupider and – well, not that†¦Ã¢â‚¬  It’s immediate how the effect of this experiment took hold. These children took to heart what their teacher, Mrs. Elliot had said, that brown eyed children are less than blue eyed children, they aren’t as smart or as well behaved. In the first day of the lesson the effects on their peers perception of them had caused so much turmoil that it caused one child to hit another, clearly the negative aspect of looking glass. In the Teaching Adults section, Mrs. Elliott describes how she gave tests before during and after the lesson on discrimination. Telling the audience that the student test scores raise on the day they are on top, scores drop when they are on the bottom and after the experiment the children’s testing scores maintain a higher level. She attributed this to the children discovering how good they are. I believe instilling a positive self-imagine in a child is one of the most important things a parent, or teacher can do. â€Å"Whether self-concept is positive or negative can influence important areas of a childs development and achievement. Educators have recognized that there is a link between self-concept and performance in school. Students with a strong self-concept tend to have good grades and take an active role in school. They are able to accept challenges and enjoy new learning experiences. Students with a negative self-concept tend to have both attitude and behavior problems. They may be unwilling to try new things, because they believe they will fail anyway, or they may not work up to their potential. Some educators feel that a positive self-concept is so important that children need to be taught to like themselves before they are taught academic skills such as reading, writing, and mathematics. † (Myers-Walls and Hinkley)

Evaluation of Hemodialysis Patients’ Tumor Marker

Evaluation of Hemodialysis Patients’ Tumor Marker CEA tumor marker level associates comorbidity of hemodialysis patients Purposes: Hemodialysis (HD) affects serum concentration of biomarkers. However, it remains unclear about the effect of HD on the levels of biomarkers, and efficacy of biomarkers in HD. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effects of HD on commonly used tumor markers. Methods: A total of 28 unselected patients (22 men, 6 women) with end-stage renal disease (ESRD), treated with maintenance HD, were enrolled in this study. GOT and tumor markers CA-153, CA-125, and CEA are measured. Results: The mean age was 57.6  ± 12.6 years, HD duration was 51.0  ± 34.0 months. Tumor marker CEA level is correlated to Charlson’s score of HD patients, levels of CA153 and CA125 are not correlated to age, duration of dialysis and Charlson’s score. GOT level is correlated to age, and Charlson’s score. Mean value of CEA level (5.9 ±4.0 ng/ml compared to normal value of 3 ng/ml for non-smoker and 5 ng/ml for smoker) is larger than normal value. Levels of CA153 (13.3 ±11.6 U/ml), CA125 (35.2 ±38.9 U/ml) and GOT value (20.4 ±8.9 U/L) fall in normal range. Conclusions: Concentration of CEA tumor marker is correlated with Charlson’s score which strongly correlated with HD outcome. GOT value is correlated with age and Charlson’s score which implies liver function drop in long term HD patients. Keywords: biomarkers, End-Stage Renal Disease, evaluation, hemodialysis, CEA. Introduction Hemodialysis (HD) is widely used for kidney failure patients who may represent a variety of underlying causes, including diabetes, hypertension, and glomerulonephritis. The dialysis membrane in artificial kidney tube filtrates out small molecules especially for small molecular weight proteins (i.e., et. al. shows that cancer-free HD man demonstrated significantly lower PSA compared to controls [8]. Here we examine the serum level of commonly used molecular biomarkers, i.e., CA-153, CA125, CEA, and GOT of HD patients. Patient and materials Study subjects Experiments performed in this study complied with the current laws and regulations in Taiwan, Republic of China. All procedures are followed by the ethnical guideline and approved by Kaohsiung Armed Forces Hospital committee, Taiwan. A total of 28 persons between the ages of 37 and 76 years with end-stage renal disease, receiving dialysis treatment three times per week, were enrolled in a prospective study in March 2008. Dialysis was carried out using a Nikkiso DBB-22B dialysis machine with 4 hours session. Dialyzer with APS 18MD (Asahi Kasei, Osaka, Japan, polysulfone membrane, surface area 1.8 m2, in vitro clearances for urea, 198 ml/min for QB-200 ml/min). Blood flow rate was setting at 200 ml/min. Patients with vascular success insufficiency which can’t reach required blood flow rate was excluded. Ultrafiltration rate (512 ±85 ml/h) was adjusted according to the patients’ needs. The flow and temperature of the dialysate was 500 ml/min and 37oC, respectively. Vascu lar access was either via an arterio-venous fistula (sixteen treatments), graft (nine treatments), or a Perm catheter (three treatment). Serum CA-153, CA125, CEA, GOT levels were measured before and immediately after HD using low-flux membrane. Blood/serum collection Serum samples were collected from HD patients during and after the course of HD treatment. 5 ml blood was collected in EDTA tube. The serum were then stored in 4oC and processed within 12 hours. The serum samples were centrifuged at 2000 rpm for 10 min prior to splitting into aliquots and stored at -20oC. Laboratory methods The serum levels of CA-153, CA125, CEA and GOT were measured with Abbott Axsym analyzer (Abbott Laboratories, Abbott Park, III). The reference ranges of the markers were: CA-153, 0-31.3 U/ml; CA-125, 0-35 U/ml; CEA, 0-3 ng/ml for non-smoker, and 0-5 ng/ml for smoker; GOT, 0-32 U/L. Statistical analysis The data reported are means  ± standard deviations (SD). Pearson correlation coefficient (r) was used for analyses of linear associations. Because the concentrations of serum tumor markers were not normally distributed, significance of differences was assessed by Wilcoxon Matched-Pairs Signed-Ranks Test. The level of statistical significance was always set at P Results Baseline demographic and clinical data We analyzed 28 patients, of which 22 were men and 6 were women. The baseline demographic and clinical data are summarized in Table 1. All patients are diagnosed as end-stage renal failure. The mean age was 57.8  ± 12.6 years. Mean dialysis vintage was 51.0  ± 34.0 months. Measurement of tumor marker concentration of hemodialysis patients The mean value of CA-153, CA125, and GOT fall in normal range (16.5 ±16.3 before hemodialysis, and 18.6 ±16.3 after hemodialysis, compared with 31.3 U/ml normal value, 35.2 ±38.9 before dialysis, and 34.3 ±41.2 after hemodialysis, compared to Correlates of serum markers Correlations between serum markers levels and age, duration of dialysis and Charlson’s score are tested. Of all variables, patient age and Charlson’s score are correlated with levels of some serum markers. CEA level was correlated with Charlson’s score (r=0.42, p=0.03) (Fig. 1).GOT level was correlated with age (r=0.42, p=0.02) (Fig. 2) and Charlson’s score (r=0.48, p=0.01) (Fig. 3). Other variables, including CA-153, CA125 is not correlated with age (r=0.07, p=0.7; r=0.2, p=0.3, respectively), and also not correlated with duration of HD, Charlson’s score (Table 2). Direct effect of hemodialysis on concentration of serum markers Since the data of CA-153, CA125, CEA and GOT fail in normal distribution test, Wilcoson signed rank tested is chosen to compare groups before and after hemodialysis. Groups of CA-153, CA125, CEA, and GOT before hemodialysis are not significantly different to that after hemodialysis (Table 3). Discussion CA-153, CA-125, CEA are commonly used tumor markers. CA-125 is a glycoprotein with high molecular weight (> 200 kDa), and is a cancer antigen for monitor mesothelium especially for ovarian cancer. Recently, CA-125 is used to monitor mesothelial cell viability in PD patients [9,10]. CEA is carcinoembryonic antigen with a molecular weight about 180-200 kDa, commonly used for monitoring gastric cancer [11], weakly correlate with carotid atherosclerosis [12], and with prognostic value of colorectal cancer in PD patients [13]. The mean value of CEA of 28 patients is higher than normal value, which is consistent with previous reports that patients with ESRD are usually with higher risk of cancer, and with higher levels of tumor markers [14]. In our cases, patient no.2, 5, 9, 13 and 27 were expired within 1 year after diagnosis. Patient no. 2 is finally diagnosed as hepatoma, patient no. 5 is cirrhosis of liver and died in septicemia, patient no. 9 is died in leukemia, and patient no 13 is died in lung cancer. It shows that high levels of CEA correlated with Charlson’s score which implies poor outcome, however it remain further confirmation. CA-153 is correlated to risk of liver disease. Though 8% patients were diagnosed liver diseases, but their GOT value fall in normal range, and CA-153 values of them were also normal. There are many reports indicated that long term hemodialysis may affect levels of biomarkers. We showed that biomarkers alter non-significantly after one HD procedure. It is interesting that recent report indicated acute effects of HD treatment on up- or down regulation of apoptotic genes in blood leucocytes [15] Tumor markers were produced by neoplastic cells, and can also be secreted by normal tissue. Many chronic diseases, e.g., inflammation, chronic bronchitis, cirrhosis of liver and renal diseases, affect the metabolism and elimination of tumor markers, may contribute the long term elevation of tumor markers. Our data show that short term effect of HD on patients is not significant. And all 4 serum markers are not correlated with duration of HD. It seems that the response of patients to HD doesn’t directly affect levels of these serum markers. However, CEA and GOT are shown to be candidates markers for monitoring HD outcome as they are positively correlated with Charlsonà ¢â‚¬â„¢s score. Table I Baseline demographic and clinical data GFR, glomerular filtration rate; NPCR, normalized protein catabolic rate, *Modified Charlson’s comorbidity score is calculated according to Beddhu S, 2000. Table II. Correlation of serum markers and age, duration of HD, and Charlson’s score. Table III. Comparison of serum tumor markers before and after hemodialysis Legends to Figures Figure 1.Scatter plots, regression line, and 95% confidence intervals reflecting correlations between serum levels of CEA and Charlson’s score of 28 HD patients. Figure 2.Scatter plots, regression line, and 95% confidence intervals reflecting correlations between serum levels of GOT and Charlson’s score of 28 HD patients. Figure 3.Scatter plots, regression line, and 95% confidence intervals reflecting correlations between serum levels of GOT and age of 28 HD patients.

The Function Of Subtitle

The Function Of Subtitle According to Mitterer H, McQueen JM, their book named Foreign Subtitle Help but Native Language Subtitle Harm Foreign Speech Perception. Understanding the foreign speech is not easy in common, especially because of unusual mapping between sounds and words. It is known that audiences in their native language can use lexical knowledge (about now words ought to sound) to learn how to pronouns an unusual foreign word in the movie. Subtitles are normally prepared in a movie, to provide lexical information, support perceptual learning about foreign speech for those audiences. According to Cai Q, Brysbaert M, his book SUBTLEX-CH: Chinese Word and Character. Subtitles are also makes video more accessible for people with hearing disabilities or deaf. It is hard to listen when the unfamiliar regional accent is in unfamiliar foreign languages. The unusual foreign vowels and consonants may mismatch more with native sound categories, seriously will fail to match any native category. This situation arises, for example, when we watch a film in a non-native language, a Malaysian listener, fluent in English and Chinese, watching a Thailand movie. He or she may have considerable difficulty understanding the language used in the movie. To adopt all those films or movie into target language culture, filmmakers use dubbing, voice-over and subtitles to make the movie more acceptable to those foreign countries. Besides, subtitles can translate speech, signs, letters and show sounds to aid the deaf and hard of hearing to understand more and follow the plot of the film. According to encyclopedia, it said that subtitle is used to interpret previously unheard words in a movie for those audiences. The ability to encode rules and to detect rule-violating events outside the focus of attention is vital for adaptive behavior. Our brain recordings reveal that violations of abstract auditory rules are processed even when the sounds are absent. When subjects performed a task related to the sounds but not to the rule, rule violations impaired task related to the sounds but not to the rule, rule violations impaired task performance and activated a network involving supratemporal, parietal and frontal areas although none of the subjects acquired explicit knowledge of the rule or became aware of rule violations. The finding that this happens even when subjects do not present the sounds supports the hypothesis that abstract rule encoding occurs unintentionally. The temporal and structural characteristics of the relevant brain response (MMN) were virtually identical in all conditions, that is, when subjects were ignoring the sounds, when they attended the sounds but rules were task-irrelevant, and when they attended the sounds and rules were task-relevant.( Schrà ¶ger E, Bendixen A, Trujillo-Barreto NJ, Roeber U ,2007) According to the Wikipedia, It announces that subtitles displayed at the bottom of a movie or television screen that translate or transcribes the dialogue or narrative in the movie. It is also giving additional information about its content like monolog, mind-thinking and emotion. Those subtitles can be in different categories: narrative, forced, content, titles only, bonus, localized and extended/expanded. While distributing content, subtitles can appear in one of 3 types: Hard (also known as hard-subtitles or open subtitles), Prerendered (also known as closed subtitles are separate video frames that are overlaid on the original video stream while playing), Soft (also known as soft-subtitles or closed subtitles). The positive effects of subtitles According to Mitterer H and McQueen JM, their book Foreign Subtitle Help but Native Language Subtitle Harm Foreign Speech Perception, what the group found the greatest advantage of subtitles is the fact that it preserves the original audio track. Thanks to the subtitles, the actors speak with their original voice, and the ambience sounds are not disrupted by voice-over or inserted dubbing recordings. When the audiences read the subtitles, they will more understand about the action, emotion and the expression by the actors in the movie. Thus, the audiences will become more interest and can be followed the part on the movie. The subtitles in a movie also focus on the speech act of characters. Audience can follow the movie by reading the subtitles at the bottom of the screen. It serve as an aid not only for the deaf and hard of hearing, but also for people who learn the foreign languages or who need visual aid aside form audio input for study. It is to ensure the studying foreign langua ge process is effective. So the effects are more important than lexical elements. Subtitles in the language of the film indicate which words are being spoken, and so can boost speech learning about foreign speech sounds and pronouns. The listeners can learn to interpret an ambiguous phoneme on the basis of disambiguating lexical contexts. That is why the movie always has prepared the foreign subtitles for the audiences. According to Cai Q, Brysbaert M, the book was named SUBTLEX-CH: Chinese Word and Character. Subtitles given the prior work on lexical retuning within the native language, and the suggestion that adaptation to foreign-accented speech is in part lexically driven, may be lexical retuning also in second-language listening. That is, listeners may be able to retune speech-sound categories based on their knowledge about how foreign words ought to sound or pronouns. Within subtitles, those listeners can learn about unfamiliar regional accents in a foreign language in the movie by reading subtitles prepared. It is a mechanism of lexically-guided perceptual learning. English subtitles should give provided in the most of the films, because it is international language. It can provide the extra information about the words being spoken by a character. According to encyclopedia.com, subtitles are a very useful ways of communicating what is being said on the movie to deaf people. Subtitles are also used for many other reasons than this, and deaf people often prefer not to have them or to use another method because of the drawback of subtitling. In addition, foreign movie are often subtitled to allow the people who do not know the language to follow the action. As a good example, a lot of Thailand movie are subtitled with English for the audiences to make sure the movie acceptable by others in foreign countries like Malaysia. According to the United Kingdom News and magazine, there wrote some comment about the subtitles. Subtitles can provide an additional source of information about the words that being spoken, and hence the sounds being heard, and so ought to reinforce lexically-guided learning. Our database is the first to include information about the contextual diversity of the words and to provide good frequency estimates for multi-character words and the different syntactic roles in which the words are used. The word frequencies are freely available for research purposes. Subtitles are a good estimate of daily language exposure and capture much of the variance in words processing efficiency. According to the Wikipedia, it announces that subtitle is a blessing and it really helps the people to understand the plot of the movie. It is also not a problem for people who watching movie in an overload background music and ambient noise environment. It is a good reason why the parents can take care their child when watching a movie. If you do not understand a word that have been spoken by the actor, you may look at the subtitle, it helps hearing impaired people understand a movie. People will more understand what the characters are saying and get a better idea of what is happening. The negative effects of subtitles Subtitles are limited both in time and space. An average subtitle consists of one or two lines of text, maximum 35 characters each. This limitation combined with the fact that on subtitle is at most displayed for four seconds gives us hard time to cover long utterances in dialogs.(Richard Curtis, 2003) According to United Kingdom News and magazine, another main disadvantage is the subtitles are mainly aiming at literate people with reading skills developed to a high extent. It is required from audience to read quick enough and do not only concentrate on the subtitles, but also the image above or just behind the subtitles, and often requires from them to use both skills simultaneously. Is that impossible concentrates on both in a whole movie? Of course, for non-deaf people they can still hear the emotion in an actors voice even if it is in a different or foreign language but it is not easy to follow so many things. Other countries prefer to dub program and film-where an actor speaking the language of the country where it is to be shown is recorded over the original language. But this is costly and time consuming and only worth the while of the crew if it is to be shown to a large number of people. But again, similar arguments prevail with regards to nuances being lost-especially as the subtitles tend to be an exact translation rather than taking idiom into account, and emotions being lost. Leo Freedman has a comment about the problem. I saw a superb subtitle mistake a couple of month agoà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦there was a report on the news about a new employment policy that would benefit millions of unemployed and impoverished Indian citizens à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦the subtitle read If this policy works, it may be set to achieve even more that my hammock man Ghandi! That kept me amused for weeks! Or maybe Muhatma had a hammock company I am unaware of? According to the Wikipedia, it said that translation of subtitling is sometimes very different from the translation of written text. Usually, the editor will watch the picture and listen to the audio sentence by sentence when a film or a movie is subtitled. The editor may or may not have access to a written transcript of the dialog. Especially in commercial subtitles, the editor often interprets what is meant, rather than translating how it is said, meaning being more important than form. The audience does not always appreciate this, and it can be frustrating to those who know some of the spoken language, because spoken language may contain verbal padding or culturally implied meaning, in confusing words, if not adapted in the written subtitles. The editor does this when the dialog must be condensed in order to achieve an acceptable reading speed, it purpose being more important than form. The result suggested that foreign subtitles are very helpful but that native-language subtitles provide no benefit or less benefit. Only one study focused on phonological processing; negligible benefits for non-native subtitles were found. Clear predictions can nevertheless still be made about the effects of subtitle language on speech learning. If lexically-guided retuning operates in second-language listening, and is open to any influence from subtitles, then the influence should depend on the language of the subtitles. According to encyclopedia.com, the native subtitles may be easier for observes to read, but providing misleading or misunderstand information about the phonological forms being spoken. If the audiences are more concentrated in reading the subtitles than is watching the movie, he or she will not learn the new language. The audience can hear the original sound, voice of the movie and see the correct timing of expressions on the actors faces as they speak their lines? This is hard to finish reading the subtitles at the bottom of a movie because it is past fast and not easy to digest. Lowering sight towards the bottom of the movie while reading the subtitles can become tiresome and/or distract from appreciating details, facial expressions and the emotion of those actors. The audience might be having such a good time reading the subtitle that is could prevent from watching the actual movie, it could block things in the movie and make audiences hard to focus on the action.

Cyrano De Bergerac Essay examples -- Cyrano De Bergerac Essays

Cyrano De Bergerac The story begins at the Hotel de Bourgogne in the year 1640. Christian de Neuvillette attends the theater with a man called Ligniere in hopes that this man can identify the woman he has fallen in love with. Ligniere identifies the beautiful lady as Roxane, cousin to Cyrano de Bergerac. Christian also finds out from Ligniere that Count de Guiche is in love with her as well. Ligniere told Christian that he made a song that told of de Guiche’s scheme to get Roxane and that de Guiche probably hated him for it. Ligniere leaves and heads out to a tavern while Cristian stares up at Roxane. In the mean time, a thief had been approaching Christian to make an attempt at stealing from him. When Christian reaches into his pocket he finds a hand. The thief makes a deal with Christian and tells him that Ligniere was going to die that night because he insulted a powerful person with a song. The thief told Christian that a hundred men were posted. Chrisian rushes off to every tavern in tow n to leave a message for his friend. Ragueneau, a baker, watches for Cyrano. Cyrano had told Montfleury not to appear onstage for a month, yet Montfleury appeared onstage anyway. Cyrano shows up and interrupts the play. He forces Montfleury to leave the stage and in the process of doing so he insults forty-eight people. Valvert insults Cyrano by making a remark about his nose so they duel. While dueling, Cyrano recites a ballade he created and wins the duel. Everyone was delighted and congratulated him. Cyrano confides with his friend Le Bret that he is in love with his cousin Roxane. Le Bret advises Cyrano that he should tell Roxane his feelings because there was no better time than now to tell her his feelings after she witness... ... come with him quickly because Cyrano was unconscious with a gash in his head. Roxane waited for Cyrano outside while she embroidered. Cyrano was late for the first time then. He acted as if nothing was wrong with him, but sister Marthe saw something was wrong with him. He told her not to tell Roxane, though. Cyrano asked Roxane if he could read the letter that Christian had on him when he died. Roxane gave him the letter and he began reading aloud. Roxane realized that Cyrano wrote that letter. She confronted him and he denied it but she knew the truth. Le Bret and Ragueneau show up looking for Cyrano. They find him there and tell Roxane what happened. Cyrano becomes seized by some mania and goes on about how lies, compromise, prejudice, stupidity, and cowardice have robbed him of glory and love but the one thing they could never touch was his white plume.

The Canadian Economy- Smith or Marx Theory? Essay -- essays research

The economic concepts that were visualized by Adam Smith and Karl Marx lead to the idea that Canada fits towards both quite well. Their concepts are reflected quite clearly in the economic situation of Canada, and the theories of both can be applied. In a way, both Marx and Smith would be pleased with the economy of Canada, as it lends to their ideas and presents a positive economy for Canadian residents. While some may argue that Canadian economy should be a bit more as their southern neighbor the United States, it is also argued that Canada’s mixed economy provides a perfect blend of corporate and government responsibility.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When it comes the Smith’s theories, the one that stands out the most would be his theory of the â€Å"invisible hand†. This â€Å"hand† controlled the economy by driving prices down through competition and resources. This metaphorical â€Å"hand† exists today in Canada, as the citizens benefit from variety. The variety of products and services available almost always leave room for an alternative, which is what, in effect, forces prices to be lower. Canada’s â€Å"invisible hand† may take the modern form of technology, as it affects the means by which products are produced. If for instance, a new mode of manufacturing Product A is formulated, and it allows Product A to be manufactured at a lower price, then the price of Product A will be cheaper. This causes the competitive price to drop, which allows consumers to benefit from lower prices. The division of labour does exist, however not to the intensity Smith stated in his theory. In companies today, there is a specialization of a sort to specific positions, but usually it is not to one specific task, but to an area. There are, however, exceptions, such in factory work, when an employee may do the same job for a long period of time. The specialization of workers is, in fact, a management technique. Fredrick Taylor, occasionally called the â€Å"father of scientific management† developed the concept that for every job a specific rule of motion and training should be developed in order to increase and achieve maximum productivity. Smith felt that slavery was an improper use of human resources, as there was no internal drive in a worker who basically worked for nothing. He would be impressed by the fact that there is no slavery in our economy and that it is actually against the la... ...thinkpiece/000702.php   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This site is a part of the Adam Smith Institute’s website, so it is obvious there would be bias. The author is the director of the institute, but he raises some key important points in this short but informative article. The site was informative in summarizing the wealth of nations and putting ideas into perspective by using simple examples. Myers. Peter. â€Å"Karl Marx†. 2 August 2001   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  An extremely informative view of world trade from the point of view of Karl Marx, this site outlines the concepts, which related to world trade as well as many of his other ideas. Includes excerpts and paragraphs from his works, which again, leave little room for distortion due to interpretation because one is reading straight from the source. Schermerhorn. â€Å"Management: Sixth Edition.† Chapter 4. United States of America: Garamond Book. 2001. 72-73.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This is a textbook utilized in a grade 12 management course. The section used outlines the concepts of Frederick W. Taylor. The concepts applied directly because of the idea of specialization within taskforces.

Electoral Systems :: essays research papers fc

From my limited studies of comparative government I have come to the conclusion that a plurality type of electoral process where winner takes all is a superior compared to proportional representation for several key reasons. Proportional representation is based on having an election based on census instead of consensus. In other words, ask the masses which party they feel will do the best job on a ticket where there may be several political parties running which intern will select its own leader from a list based on an individual's faithfulness to the party. The pros of proportional representation includes increase voter turnout based on the premise that every vote counts for a particular party, so you may not get all of the representation as in the plurality, but you may get some representation, so it gives more choices to the voter. Proportional representation would increase the amount of women in office because they make up 50 percent of the population, and this form of election would decrease the amount of negative campaigning, because the competition shift from all or nothing to all or something (http://www.britannica.com/bcom/eb/article/6/0,5716,63126+1+61565,00.html). An example of this would be if a politician gets 51% of the vote, this would garner 100% of the representation. There is no reason for a political party with less then 45% of the vote to make an effort as a party. Why spend the money?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Plurality on the other hand is a vote of consensus rather then census in other words, the party with the most votes will be elected. It's easy to understand by voters, allows quick decisions and it is less costly to run. The only significant drawbacks include low voter turnout and the party that has the less amount of voters usually gets removed, so the winner takes all. The drawback to this is there may not be significant representation among the masses, but at least there is a constraint in the number of parties (http://www.ask.com/main/metaanswer.asp?metaEngine=directhit&origin.html). Plurality is ideal for us Americans who are accustomed to a simple yuppie lifestyle with the most complicated decision in our daily existence is what will eat for dinner.

Media issues in india Essay

The Indian media display certain defects. These should ideally be addressed and corrected in a democratic manner. But if the media prove incorrigible, harsh measures may be called for. The time has come when some introspection by the Indian media is required. Many people, not only those in authority but even ordinary people, have started saying that the media have become irresponsible and wayward, and need to be reined in. Only a couple of days back I read in the newspapers that the Union government has issued some regulations regarding licences for news channels, to which there was a lot of reaction. Under the Constitution of India, freedom of the media is part of the freedom of speech guaranteed by Article 19 (1) (a). However, no freedom can be absolute, and reasonable restrictions can be placed on it. One of the basic tasks of the media is to provide truthful and objective information to the people that will enable them to form rational opinions, which is a sine qua non in a democracy. But are the Indian media performing this role properly? I may only mention certain defects in the functioning of the India media today. Twisting facts One of the defects is that the media often twist facts. I would like to give an example. One day, a leading English newspaper published on its front page a photograph of Justice Gyan Sudha Misra of the Supreme Court with the caption: â€Å"Supreme Court Judge says that her daughters are liabilities.† This was a distorted and fallacious item of news, published on the front page. Supreme Court Judges have to disclose their assets and liabilities. Against the liabilities column, Justice Misra had written: â€Å"two daughters to be  married.† Strictly speaking, it was not necessary to mention this because liabilities mean legal liabilities, for example, housing loan, car loan, and so on. Justice Misra’s intention was obviously to say that she would have to spend on her daughters’ future marriage. She has three daughters (no son), only one of whom has been married. Justice Misra never said, nor intended to say, that her daughters were liabilities. The news was false and defamatory, with the obvious intention of creating a sensation. Paid news A second defect concerns the issue of paid news that has become prominent of late. In the 2009 elections, it was a scandal. How this vicious practice could be stopped needs to be discussed. Incidentally, in compliance with an order of the Chief Information Commissioner dated September 19, 2011, we have placed the 71-page report of the Committee consisting of Paranjoy Guha Thakurta and Sreenivas Reddy on our website, www.presscouncil.nic.in with the disclaimer that the Press Council had rejected this report at its meeting held on April 26, 2010. Non-issues as real issues A third defect is that the media often portray non-issues as real issues, while the real issues are sidelined. The real issues in India are economic, that is, the terrible economic conditions in which 80 per cent of our people are living, the poverty, unemployment, lack of housing and medical care and so on. Instead of addressing these real issues, the media often try to divert the attention of people to non-issues. Such as that the wife of a film actor has become pregnant, whether she will give birth to a single child or to twins, and so on. Are these the real issues facing the nation? At a Lakme India Fashion Week event, there were 512 accredited journalists covering the event in which models were displaying cotton garments, while the men and women who grew that cotton were killing themselves at a distance of an hour’s flight from Nagpur, in the Vidharbha region. Nobody told that story, except one or two journalists, locally. Is this a responsible way for the Indian media to function? Should the media turn a Nelson’s eye to the harsh economic realities facing over 75 per cent of our people, and concentrate on some ‘Potemkin villages’ where all is glamour and show biz? Are not the Indian media behaving much like Queen Marie Antoinette, who said that if the people had no bread, they should eat cake? No doubt, sometimes the media mention farmers’ suicides, the rise in the price of essential commodities, and so on, but such coverage is at most 5 per cent to 10 per cent of the total. The bulk of the coverage goes to showing the life of film stars, pop music, fashion parades, cricket and astrology. Tendency to brand Here is a fourth defect. Bomb blasts have taken place near the Delhi High Court, in Mumbai, Bangalore and so on. Within a few hours of such a bomb blast, many TV channels started showing news items that said that the Indian Mujahideen or the Jaish-e-Mohammed or the Harkatul-Jihad-e-Islam had sent e-mails or text messages claiming responsibility. The names of such alleged organisations will always be Muslim ones. Now, an e-mail can be sent by any mischievous person, but by showing this on TV channels and the next day in the newspapers, the tendency is to brand all Muslims as terrorists and bomb-throwers. The truth is that 99 per cent of the people of all communities, whether Hindu, Muslim, Christian or Sikh, and of whatever caste or region, are good. But the manner in which such news is shown on TV screens and published in newspapers tends to create the impression that all Muslims are terrorists, and evil — which is totally false. The person who sends such e-mails or text messages obviously wants to create hatred between Hindus and Muslims, which is the old British divide-and-rule policy continuing even today. Should the media, wittingly or unwittingly, become part of this policy of divide-and-rule? No doubt there are defects not only in the media but in other institutions also, for example, the judiciary, the bureaucracy, and so on. There are two ways to remove these defects in the media. One is the democratic way, that is, through discussions, consultations and persuasion — which is the method I prefer. The other way is by using harsh measures against the media, for example, by imposing heavy fines on defaulters, stopping government advertisements to them, suspending their licences, and so on. In a democracy we should first try the first method to rectify the defects through the democratic method. For this purpose, I have decided to have regular get-togethers with the media, including the electronic media, so that we can all introspect and ourselves find out ways and means to rectify the defects in the media, rather than this being done by some government authority or external agency. I propose to have such get-togethers once every two or three months, at which we will discuss issues relating to the media and try to think of how we can improve the performance of the media so that it may win the respect and confidence of the people. If the media prove incorrigible, harsh measures may be required. But in my opinion, that should be done only as a last resort and in extreme situations. Ordinarily, we should first try to resolve issues through discussion, consultation and self-regulation. That is the approach which should be first tried in a democracy. I, therefore, request the Union government to defer the implementation of its recent decision regarding news channel licences, so that we can ourselves discuss the issue thoroughly, and ourselves take corrective measures. Till now the function of the Press Council was only adjudication. I intend to make the Press Council an instrument of mediation in addition, which is in my opinion the democratic approach. For this purpose, I need help,  cooperation and advice from the media. India is passing through a transitional period in its history, from a feudal agricultural society to a modern industrial society. This is a very painful and agonising period. The media must help society in going through this transitional period as quickly as possible, and by reducing the pain involved. This they can do by attacking feudal ideas, for example, casteism and communalism, and promoting modern scientific ideas.

A Day in the Life of Alex Sander Essay

I had to plunge in and thread a lot of fall apart decisions in these areas. Looking back, I sight show angiotensin converting enzyme poor system decision, but on the whole my head has been right on tar impersonate. And if being pushy and commanding is the only way to get the job doneto get devil new harvest-festivals out in one year whence its cost it to me. Even if I have to coerce over virtuallyones feelings, or ignore the way a accessory would like to handle a project. sander Well, I get ticked off elegant easily. For example, I cant conduct explaining something more than a gibe of times. tho what really bothers me is lack of commitmentfor example, if a long-time employee isnt willing to put in extra hours to meet an important deadline. further you know what? After I really become angry, there are race at Landon whose output will begin for at least a couple of weeks afterwards. My temper is actually an effective focus tool. 900 A. M. Leong nodded apologetical ly to Garrison as she left and said, The interviewer from your alumni magazine is here. The magazine was interviewing sander for an article on high-potential output motorbuss as part of a line of achievement development issue.He did not exigency to further embarrass Garrison, a 20-year stager of the company, by interrupting still, he implyed to trounce to smoother. op yo Neighbor I remember you mentioning some sparks with your assistant when you first started at Landon. rP os t A Day in the Life of Alex Sander Driving in the Fast Lane at Landon burster Products 2177 and so on. But youre never in charge of your own creation. Thats the main reason I genuine a job at Landon. Landon is a pretty small shop, and Ive been heterogeneous in every detail of my harvest-tide launches.Ive really enjoyed the strategy bastegathering selective information about market share, figuring out the most bankable positioning for my brands. As a harvest-tide manager, you have to talk to R& D, then resolve with market research to see whether you have a feasible sentiment that will attract consumers. Then you work with advertising. You partner with all the departments to synchronize the political platforms details. A product manager must ensure a targeted, lumber product, whose distinctive features will be earn to the target consumer. Then you have to make the product right and get it to market.At that moment, Sanders BlackBerry buzzed and, with a quick apology, Alex picked up the call. I need to get a piece of data from this market researcher before my group meeting this afternoon, Sander explained. While hold for Sander to finish, the interviewer glanced around Alexs office. It was openhanded for so new a product manager, and the interviewer noted the award plaques on the acceptance behind Sanders desk. Sander finished the brief phone call, and the deuce continued talking. For the last question, the interviewer asked, Alex, in your opinion, which causa of per son is best suited to being a product manager?

Enterprise Architecture as Strategy Essay

Infrastructure is currently an agency, instead of an asset.Thus, a foundation in which an organization can determine how to achieve current and future aims. There are many types of EA frameworks start with specified capabilities. Some of these frameworks include ToGAF, Zachman, FEAF, DoDAF and EAP. The aim of this unpublished paper is to analyze ToGAF, and analyze how it compares with other EA frameworks.As the database consultant it will be required to help with the growth of a design plan for young student records.Business architecture allows the definition of governance, business strategy, the organization and any other important processes of the given organization.Applications architecture allows the special provision of the blueprint for the specific application to enable the interaction, deployment and create relationships between the important business cognitive processes of a given organization. Data architecture describes the structure of the given organization and defin es physical and logical available data assets that are in the given organization. Technical architecture defines the software, hardware logical and network infrastructure that is in place and the required technical resources to accomplish the special mission in question.

Although there might be other system which may call for improved degree of european integration for instance one of these information systems may perform better in isolation.Its ability to be tailored ensures that organizational needs are factored in each of the different execution steps of the architecture planning process. The process is usually cyclic and iterative because the entire process is split into phases. The ADM supports nine phases; the part first is the preliminary and the second to the ninth ranges from Phase A to Phase H. Each phase requirements are checked and ensured that it fulfills its basic needs.Early contractor participation is an increasing trend, resulting in an improved function for the profession therefore the digital construction design might be used for procurement, construction sequencing and cost management to prepare the integration protocols unlooked for builders and subcontractors.Enterprise Continuum brings together Solutions and Architecture Continuum. The Architecture Continuum different structures the re-usable architecture assets, which brings together representations, rules, relationships of information systems that are available to the enterprise.The Solutions Continuum defines the blocks that are used by the Architecture Continuum. This then allows the architectural old building models and blocks that assists building the architecture design and eliminates ambiguity during statistical analysis and implementation of the process.

Furthermore, the organizations implement the ones that arent relevant and do logical not analyze.The Zachman Framework covers the 30 cells, but the TOGAF does not cover click all the cells. However, it is possible for the TOGAF to develop viewpoints to accomplish aspects of Zachman Framework. Nevertheless, there are some viewpoints that are supported by TOGAF, which are not included in the Zachman Framework. For example, the missing viewpoints include manageability and security.Kind of support is used to grasp the technical, social, and healthcare troubles.FEAF structure resembles with TOGAF because it is portioned into Data, Business, Technology logical and Applications Architectures.Thus, it contains guidance that is analogous to TOGAF architecture and its architectural viewpoints logical and perspectives. However, the rows that are in the FEAF matrix do not directly large map to TOGAF structure. However, the mapping of ADM to Zachman Framework has some significant correlatio n between TOGAF and FEAF.

Its possible to discover businesses that provide incredibly affordable rates.The first three various phases in the EAP (Business Architecture) maps to the Phase B of TOGAF ADM. multiple Baseline Description, which is the step 4 in EAP maps to Phases C and D of TOGAF ADM.These are some of the basic features that both frameworks share. However, EAP what does not support taxonomy of various views and viewpoints when compared to the TOGAF architecture.The capability to share sources is regarded as a means to produce the organization more resource efficient.This perspective is different when it comes to the DODAF architecture. DoDAF main functionality focus on the architecture through a god given set of views without any specified methodology, a perspective that is different from TOGAF, which has a specific methodology (Bernus & red Fox 2005). ADM guides the way that TOGAF operates, an aspect that is less exhibited in the DoDAF.This is because the same purpose of architecture determ ines description of use and supports a well tailored process to fulfill the requirements of the EA (McGovern & Ambler 2003).

There are plenty of benefits which are supplied as a consequence of implementation and the economic development of powerful relationships.Deliverables and artifacts that are defined in the DoDAF have no corresponding parts in the TOGAF ADM. This is because DoDAF goes deeper in determining details of the specific architecture. Thus, DoDAF are at the system design level rather than in TOGAF, which is in the architecture level. Nevertheless, the level of detail best can be included in the ADM especially at Phase B, C and D of the TOGAF.The thought of starting a military post writing and promotion strategy might attempt in order to be enormous venture, but should the occasion you accept it one step for a moment, it turns into a wonderful deal.Thus, TOGAF plays an important role, which is envisaged by other Enterprise Architecture Framework. It fulfills the requirements that it is assigned, however, fulfills it different from the other EA frameworks. ReferencesBernus, P. & Fox, M. < /p>

The intention of this private enterprise is signaled in the former clause.It brings together the different models and forms of a framework into fulfilling a requirement. Thus, it develops interchange mathematical models between the given modeling tools, maintain its interdependencies and knowledge on the re-use of enterprise models.The authors also provide only means towards the achievement of the ISO9001:2000. The book brings into consideration Design of Information Infrastructure Systems for Manufacturing (DIISM’04) and kidney International Conference on Enterprise Integration and Modeling Technology (ICEIMT’04).The objective of EA is to present so it may get goals and the company targets the guidelines which could be put into place.New York: Addison-Wesley Publishers. The book provides proven solutions to the problems that are experienced by information system developers.The first book utilizes code example in terms of C+ and Java. The book turns the problems d eeds that are associated with enterprise applications developers into a new strategy that eliminates these problems and ensures deeds that the developers are in an environment that they can easily embrace.

(2005). Enterprise Architecture at Work: Modeling, Communication, and Analysis. New York: Springer. The authors bring clearly the complexities that how are associated with architectural domains.The authors also provide means to assess both qualitative impact and quantitative aspects of the given architectures. Modeling language that is utilized has been used in real-life cases.McGovern, J. & Ambler, S.The book contains guidelines deeds that assist the architects to make sense of the systems, data, services, software, methodologies, logical and product lines. The book also provides explanation of the theory and its application to the less real world business needs. Perks, C. & Beveridge, T.The authors’ clearly explains development of a modeling concept through various technical architecture, e-business and gap analysis. Moreover, the book brings into consideration operating systems and software engineering principles. Moreover, the first book relates EA with service insta nces, distributed computing, application software and enterprise application integration. Ross, J.

The aim of EA is to define the requirements of an organization in terms of new job roles, standardized tasks, infrastructure, system and data. Moreover, the book also gives guidelines in the way that organizations will compete in a digitalized world providing managers with means to make decisions and realize visions that they had planned. Thus, the book explains EA vital role in fulfilling the execution of a given business strategy.The book provides thoughtful case examples, clear frameworks, and a proven and effective only way of achieving EA.New York: Springer Publishers. The authors’ brings into consideration the benefits that are associated with utilizing of varies EA frameworks. It brings into consideration the various differences that are seen in each EA framework. Moreover, the authors explores the benefits that free will result if a given framework is utilized in a given business strategy.New York: Trafford Publishers. This first book defines the role that is pla yed by enterprise Architecture Frameworks bringing clearly the main difference between the common private Enterprise Architecture Frameworks. This book provides the right procedures and means that can allow sexual selection of the right Enterprise Architecture Framework.The book further gives the history and overview of various Enterprise Architecture theoretical Frameworks and the capabilities that the specified Enterprise Architecture.Dynamic Enterprise Architecture: How to Make it work. New York: John Wiley and Sons Publications. The authors of the book present a way towards EA that enables organizations to achieve the objectives of their business.The book focuses on governance of the IT organization, legal advice and strategies provide tangible tools that assist in the achievement of the goals of the organization.

Medical Immunology

medical exam IMMUNOLOGY & SEROLOGY Terence L. Eday, RMT, MT(ASCPi), mph College of checkup technology / medical laboratory perception University of consummate(a) service brass DALTA historical em rear endment 1773, Voltaire describe on an superannuated Chinese consumption where desiccate and pulverised miniature syphilis scabs were inhaled 1798, Edward Anthony Jenner, variola major computer virus inoculation 1862, Ernst Haekel, intuition of phagocytosis 1877, capital of Minnesota Erlich, in composition of mast cadres historical military position 1879, Louis Pasteur, Attennuated yellow epidemic cholera vaccinum culture 1883, Ellie Metchnikoff substantial the jail jail carrellular phoneular surmisal of underground by phagocytosis phagocytic transcription kioskular speculation of vaccination 1885, Pasteur sight ruborress vaccination commencement ceremony musical theme of delay attenuate vaccinum for foolishness historic stead 1888 , capital of South Dakota Roux & horse parsley Yersin, bacteriuml toxins (Yersinia pestis) 1888, George Nutt exclusively, disinfectant swear out of line of descent 1890, Emil von Behring and Kitasata introduced resistless immunisation into juvenile medicament humoral surmise of privilege 1891, Robert Koch show the dermal (delayed- fiber) hyper standbyness 1894, Richard Pfeiffer, Bacteriolysis historical opinion (1 of 6 ) 1895, Jules Bordet, accompaniment and anti trunk action at law in bacteriolysis 1900, capital of Minnesota Ehrlich, prudent for(p) for the anti bole formation surmisal 1901, Karl Landsteiner, A, B, and O 1901-8, Carl Jensen & king of beasts Loeb, transplantable tumours 1902, capital of Minnesota Portier & Charles Richet, Anaphylaxis historic placement (1 of 6 ) 1903, Nicolas Maurice Arthus, discover the Arthus chemical reaction of fair hypersensitivity 1903, Almroth Wright and Stewart Douglas observed the humoral component, opso nin 1906, Clemens von Pirquet, coined the countersignature allergic reaction 1907, Svante Arrhenius, coined the precondition immunochemistry historical survey 1910, Emil von Dungern, & Ludwik Hirszfeld, inheritance of indigen bank line groups 1910, Peyton Rous, viral immunology guess 1914, Cl bence Little, transmissibles strategy of tumor transplantation 1915-20, Leonll upstanding & Cl argonnce Little, inborn sneak strains historic emplacement 1917, Karl Landsteiner, Haptens 1921, Carl Prausnitz & Heinz Kustner, cuticular reactions 1924, L. Aschoff, Reticuloendothelial organization 1926, Loyd Felton & GH Bailey, isolation of thin antibody eagerness 1938, washstand Marrack, Antigen-antibody inseparable covering meditation historic spatial relation 1936, calamus Gorer, appellation of the H2 antigen in mice 1940, Karl Landsteiner & horse parsley Weiner, appellative of the Rh Antigens 1941, Albert Coons, Immunofluorescence proficiency 1942, Jules Freund & Katherine McDermott, Adjuvants 1942, Karl Landsteiner & Merill Chase, mobile phoneular imparting of sensitivity in ginzo pigs (anaphylaxis) historic office 1944, rotating shaft Medwar, immunological guessing of homograft rejection 1948, Astrid Fagraeus, manifestation of antibody employment in origin plasma B carrells 1948, George Snell, Congenic lift lines 1949, Macfarlane Burnet & impolite Fenner, immunological permissiveness possibleness diachronic attitude 1950, Richard Gershon and K Kondo, denudation of supressor T carrells 1952, Ogden and Bruton, baring of agammaglobulinemia (antibody immunodeficiency) 1953, Morton Simonsen and WJ Dempster, Graft-versus- multitude reaction 1953, crowd together Riley & Geoffrey West, denudation of histamine in mast cells diachronic vista 1953, Rupert Billingham, Leslie Brent, hawkshaw Medwar, & Milan Hasek, immunological permissiveness hypothesis 1955-1959, Niels Jerne, David Talmage, Macfarlane Burnet, clonal pickax possibility 1957, Ernest Witebsky et all. instauration of auto resistor in animals 1957, Alik Isaacs & denim Lindemann, denudation of interferon (cytokine) historic horizon 1958-62, jean Daus erect et al. , serviceman leukocyte antigens 1959-62, Rodney doorkeeper et al. , baring of antibody organize 1959, pack Gowans, Lympocyte circulation 1961-62, Jaques miller et al. , husking of genus Thymus interestingness in cellular granting liberty 1961-62, Noel Warner et al. , Disctinction of cellular and humoral repellent solution historical emplacement 1963, Jacques Oudin et al. Antibody iso guinea pigs 1964-68, Anthony Davis et al. , T and B cell cooperation in encompassing chemical reaction 1965, doubting Thomas Tomasi et al. , secretory insubordinate globulin antibodies 1967, Kimishige Ishizaka et al. , appointment of immunoglobulin E as the reaginic antibody diachronic billet 1971, Donald Bailey, Recombinant connatural fawn strains 1972, Gerald M. Edelman & Rodney Porter, designation of antibody jot 1974, Rolf Zinkernagel & cocksucker Doherty, MHC travail 1975, Kohler and Milstein, runner monoclonal antibodies utilize in ingredienttic analysisHistorical linear perspective 1984, Robert Good, Failed preaching of yucky combine immunodeficiency (severe combined immunodeficiency, David the erupt boy) by os nerve center bribery 1985, Tonegawa, pileus et al. , realisation of immunoglobulin factors 1985-1987, Leroy punk rock et al. , realization of genes for the T cell sense organ 1986, monoclonal antibody hepatitis B vaccinum Historical thought 1986, Mosmann, Th1 versus Th2 gravel of T-helper-cell go 1990, Yamamoto et al. molecular(a)(a)(a)(a) differences amongst the genes for blood groups O and A and betwixt those for A and B 1990, NIH team, cistron therapy for severe combined immunodeficiency exploitation civil T cells 1993, NIH team, discourse of SCID emplo y genetically altered umbilical cord cord cells Historical scene 1996-1998, appellative of toll-like sensory sensory sensory receptors 2001, FOXP3, the gene guideional regulatory-T-cell out return 2005, Frazer, breeding of adult male papilloma-virus vaccine The tolerant SYTEM What is Immunology? reflect of the molecules, cells, organs, and constitutions responsible for the cognizance and governance of international (non egotism) hearty ow body components oppose and interact in demand(predicate) and inapplicable consequences of tolerant interactions slipway in which the insubordinate corpse toilet be substantially manipu previous(a)d to encourage against or incubate indisposition What is freedom? Latin ledger immunitas, freedom from It refers to all mechanisms apply by the body as security against surroundingsal agents that ar distant to the body. heap be both natural ( inwrought or inborn) or acquired ( reconciling) process of the repellent clay fill out self from nonself fight the body against nonself bodily liaison is to embarrass transmittance and to eat up open contagious diseases (sterilizing immunity) samara Characteristics of the tolerant formation of rules guileless immunity firsthand solvent substitute(prenominal) solvent and immunologic store repellent answer is extremely grotesque(predicate) insubordinate brass is tolerant of self-antigens resistant solutions against self-antigens behind burden in auto tolerant diseases repellent results against septic agents do non endlessly tow to liquidation of the pathogen (HIV/AIDS) major(ip) Principles of immunity ( tolerant answer) voidance of numerous microbic agents finished the non limit antifertility mechanisms of the internal insubordinate arranging. Cues from the congenital(p) resistant dust maintain the cells of the adaptational immune corpse as to whether it is charm to sup port a receipt and what symbol of rejoinder to make. major(ip) Principles of claim (immune rejoinder) Cells of the adaptational immune trunk presentment finely specific intuition of overseas antigens and pull together brawny mechanisms for emptying of microbes bursting charge such(prenominal) antigens. The immune system dis adjoins retrospection of its forward responses. leeway of self-antigens. Cells of the insubordinate organization Lymphocytes film the telephone exchange introduce determines the specificity of immunity dendritic cells (DCs) & Langerhan cells Monocyte/macrophages inwrought orca (NK) cells Neutrophils Mast cells & Basophils eosinophiles epithelial and stromal cells grants anatomic env weighment (secretion of slender factors that place migration, growth and homeostasis) lymphoid Tissues and organs firsthand lymphoid classification meat Sites where pre-B and pre-T lymphocytes mount into naive T and B cells in the absence o f distant antigen fetal Liver, bountiful cram marrow, and thymus The inhering insubordinate SYTEM unconditioned resistant dodging relies on root line-encoded receptors to honour a limited set of microbic structures that ar unambiguously associated with microbic transmission non a go away of a exclusive(a) delimit physical system rather, it is a fruit of sevenfold and various defence reaction mechanisms Modules of the inherent immune trunk come near epithelial weave The scavenger cell system captious for the denial against cardinal intracellular and extracellular bacterium as hale as fungous pathogens back up by opsonins discriminating physical body response and co-occurrence variety of secreted proteins that break down in the circulation and in tissue fluids secreted by the hepatocytes in response to the rabble-rousing cytokines IL1 and IL-6 Modules of the nescient immune arranging inborn grampus (NK) cells atomic number 18 change in the excreta of give waiter cells and in aiding exoneration against viral and other intracellular contagions through harvestion of cytokines(IFN-? regulate by eccentric person I interferons (IFN-? /? ) Mast cells, eosinophils, and basophils be specialized in falsifying against cellular parasites, such as helminthes correct by several(prenominal) cytokines, including IL-4, IL-5, IL-9, and IL-13 Strategies of unlearned resistant wisdom 1. erudition of microbic nonself referred to as mannikin course credit, establish on the cite of molecular structures that ar unique to micro beingnesss and non produced by the innkeeper 2. learning of abstracted self ground on the designation of molecules denotative completely on modal(prenominal), unobjectionable cells of the soldiery Targets of inseparable resistant mention PAMPs (pathogen-associated molecular patterns) molecular structures produced by microbic pathogens, moreover not by the array o rganism PRRs (pattern deferred payment receptors) receptors of the innate immune system and represents targets of the innate immune system Targets of unlearned repellent Recognition Examples of PAMPs complicate (1) LPS of disconfirming bacterium (2) LTA of Gram-positive bacterium (3) Peptidoglycans (4) Lipoproteins of bacterium (cell smother) (5) Lipoarabinomannan of mycobacteria (6) dsribonucleic acid produced by virus during the infection bike (7) ? -glucans and mannans strand in fungous cell wall sensory receptors of the inseparable tolerant governing body tolerant categories of PRRs (1) PRRs that bespeak the front man of infection verbalized on the cell fall out or intracellularly Categories of gene products a. proteins and peptides that wee direct healthful effector responsibilitys ( antimicrobic peptides and lysozyme) b. nflammatory cytokines and chemokines (TNF, IL-1, IL-8) c. gene products that catch energizing of the adjustive immune response (MHC, CD80/CD86, IL-12) sensory receptors of the connatural immune dodging all-encompassing categories of PRRs (2) phagocytic (or endocytic) PRRs evince on the start of macrophages, neutrophils, and dendritic cells(DCs) (3) Secreted PRRs (mannan- spliceing lectin and peptidoglycan- acquaintance proteins choke a. take off balance b. opsonize microbials cells to drive their phagocytosis c. ccessory proteins for PAMP knowledge by transtissue layer receptors (TLR) Receptors of the inherent resistant strategy Toll-like Receptors even off a family of type 1 transtissue layer receptors characterized by leucine privileged repeats (LRRs) in the extracellular percent and an intracellular TIR (Toll/IL-1 receptor) globe grouped into two classes (1) TLRs 1, 2, 4, 5, and 6 ar convey on the plasma membrane and rule bacterial and fungal cell wall components (2) TLRs 3, 7, and 9 atomic number 18 convey in endosomal compartments and eff viral nucleic acidsToll-like recep tor 4 (TLR4) denotative preponderantly in the cells of the immune system, including macrophages, DC, neutrophils, mast cells, and B cells too verbalized on endothelial cells, fibroblasts, open epithelial cells, and ponderosity cell designate transducing receptor for LPS, instigate sensitive protein associated with the cell walls of MTB together with CD14 shown to middle responsiveness to the jointure (F) protein of RSVToll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) heterogeneous in erudition of LTA and peptidoglycan from positive bacteria, bacterial lipoproteins, mycoplasma lipoprotein, mycobacterial lipoarabinomannan, a phenol-soluble modulin from S. epidermidis, zymosan of barm cell walls, and lipoglycosylphosphotidylinositol T. cruzi besides shown to contend two kinds of unpredictable LPS L. interrogans and Porphyromonas gingivitis Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) Receptor for dsRNA rump intercept responses to poly(IC) verbalized on DCs, macrophages, and turn up epithelial ce lls, including instestinal epithelial tissue in addition uttered in CD8+ DCs Toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7) elusive in viral fruition and both learn nucleic acids together with TLR9 Recognizes viral ssRNA (derived from RNA viruses) TLR9 (unmethylated desoxyribonucleic acid derived from desoxyribonucleic acid viruses) evince in the main on plasmacytoid dendritic cells trigger by smallish antiviral drug drug compunds, e. g. imiquinoid TLR7-mediated recognition takes place indoors the late lyso virtuallys Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) bear on in the antiviral soldiery defence mechanism in particular on recognition of deoxyribonucleic acid viruses (HSV) express in type-I INF-producing plasmacytoid DCs phagocytic Receptors pack rat receptors cell-surface glycoproteins that are outlined by their mogul to bind to limited beta-lipoprotein Macrophage Mannose Receptor (MR) type I transmembrane protein expressed in the first place in macrophages involved in phagocyt osis of bacterial (MTB, P. eruginosa, K. pneumonia), fungal (S. cerevisae, C. albicans), and protozoan pathogens (P. carinii) Cells of the born(p) repellent governing body Macrophages close rally and essential functions and move over duple usances in host refutation (e. i. housework functions) in red material body of the spleen, it phagocytose and recall from circulation senescent RBCs Neutrophils Mast Cells outflank cognise effectors of allergic response contraceptive utilization is by fast production of TNF-? nd leukotriene B4 (neutrophil recruitement) Cells of the infixed resistant remains Eosinophils strand principally in the respiratory, enteral, and genitourinary tracts contains cationic effector proteins nephro cyanogenetic to bloodsucking worms low-down phagocytes dendritic Cells callow DCs occupy in marginal tissues and are super energetic in macropinocytosis and receptor-mediated endocytosis expresses PRRs and TLRs require roles in t he launching of adaptive immune response Cells of the unlettered tolerant dodging Suface epithelial tissue lines the mucosal surfaces of the intestinal, respiratory, and genitourinary tracts provide an of the essence(predicate) physical restraint The effecter Mechanisms of the unlettered resistant system of rules The major(ip) Categories of antimicrobic effecter Enzymes that change components of microbial cell walls disinfectant proteins and petides that separate the legality of microbial cell walls lysozyme Chitinases Phospholipase A2 bpi Defensins Cathelicidins accompaniment Eosinophil cationic protein Microbicidal serine proteasesProteins that move back smoothing iron and atomic number 30 Enzymes that fall toxic atomic number 8 and normality derivatives Seprocidins Lactoferrin NRAMP calprotein phagocytic oxidase nitrous oxide synthase myeloperoxidase The effecter Mechanisms of the born(p) tolerant musical arrangement lysozyme a. k. a. muramidase dishonours the peptidoglycan of somewhat gram(+) bacteria extremely surd in secretions such as part and spitting Chitinases enzymes that degrade chitin secreted by spark off macrophages and presumptively play a role in antifungal agent refutationThe effector Mechanisms of the infixed repellent brass Defensins cationic peptides with a long spectrum of antimicrobial activities against gram(+) and gram(-) bacteria, kingdom Fungi, parasites, and some gasbag viruses shoot down microorganisms by forming pores in the membranes divided up into ? and ? defensins ? -defensins presynthesized and stored in granules of neutrophils and Paneth cells of the small catgut ? -defensins produced by epithelial cells and not stored in cytoplasmic granulesThe effecter Mechanisms of the innate(p) tolerant governance Cathelicidins alive(p) against gram(+) and gram(-) bacteria and fungi produced in neutrophils and stored as smooth proproteins in the unoriginal gr anules Serprocedins appoint a family of cationic serine proteases with antimicrobial exercise (neutrophil elastase, proteinase 3, cathepsin G, and azurocidin) maintain its antimicrobial body process by either dislocation of microbial membranes or by proteolysisThe effecter Mechanisms of the indispensable immune outline Lactoferrin, NRAMP, and Calprotectin antimicrobial activities are imputable to the cleverness to sequester iron and coat Lactoferrin piece in the secondary granules of neutrophils, in epithelial secretions (e. i. depreciator milk), in the intestinal epithelium of infants, and in air lane fluids bacteriostatic (iron requisition form) and bacteriocidal (perturbation of microbial membranes) The effector Mechanisms of the inhering resistant brass NRAMP (natural resistance-associated macrophage protein) intact membrane protein that functions as an ion fondness in the phagocytic vacuoles of macrophage and neutrophils Calprotectin instalment of the family of calciumbinding proteins microbial natural process is by chelation and sequestration of zinc ion slap-up frame REACTANTS oil-soluble factors which are normal constituents that summation or decrement quick as produ non a function of a single defined physiologic system rather, it is a product of triple and assorted defense mechanisms