Becoming Ecology: Changing Perspectives of the Human Habitat

Becoming Ecology Populating in context of all living things in clip and infinite, and the paradox of seeing habitat all around but entree is denied through the human concept of private belongings ) Changing Positions We now operate an amodern fundamental law, where we must contextualize ‘humans’ or ‘culture, ’ ‘nature or ‘place’ or so any of the other ‘noun chunks’ used to train and order world through the modernist fundamental law, as it all appears to be merely happenstances unifying and emerging ( Anderson, ) . We must accommodate the concepts that modern society has generated, with the world. Many writers have attempted to depict their image of nature. Buijs ( 2009 ) described five images of nature ; wilderness, autonomic, inclusive, aesthetic and functional. The ‘inclusive’ image refers to a nature that expresses peaceable coexistence with adult male and nature is regarded as beautiful. When humanity invents ( speaks ) itself extemporarily outside ‘nature’s text, ’ it has non, on a cardinal degree, at large nature, for it is and ever will be a merchandise of nature ( Conesa-Sevilla, 2010 ) . This alienation from ecology has arisen from a long history of our being ostracised from the land, Jay Griffiths ( 2008 ) refers to John Bellers’ ( 1654-1725 ) remarks: ‘forests and great parks make the hapless that are upon them excessively much like Indians.’ Indeed Griffiths describes commonland as one time being ‘a hinderance to industry.’ Worlds have become estranged from their ain being through the concepts most prevailing in the modern societies and it is now that positions of our ineluctable integrating into ecology are granted acknowledgment. Writers have tried to depict this dynamic holistic theory, making a new individuality for us all. The more-than-human universe ( Abram, 1997 ) or the more than human kingdom ( Instone L 2014 ) and Gaia are portion of the new languaging undertaking necessary to double up this universe of relationships into duologue. The duologue is grounded in ecology and Earth scientific disciplines, doctrine and evolutionary history. It alludes to something that is so inclusive, so emergent, so living, that it is besides infused in thaumaturgy and mythology. Relationship between people and environment is present in the most traditional of civilizations. Smohala and Black Elk represent a charming vision of nature, in the truest sense of the word magical. The strong belief that the universe is there to be communicated with, that it can be prayed to, that there can be a transactory relationship between people and their environment ( Roszak talk, 1971 referred to in Coope, 2010 ) . Deep ecology, social-ecology, ecopychology and many other watercourses of idea explore ‘Nature connection’ and besides ‘ecological literacy.’ Most research workers are construing ‘context and relationships’ in some manner so that we may do sense of or go cognizant of the universe. Our literacy of it, our languaging, our duologue is continuously going. ‘The trouble of utilizing the nomenclature is that no ecopsychologist has put forth a believable ( ie, widely accepted and testable ) operational definition of what ‘connecting with nature’ is’ ( Conesa-Sevilla, 2010 ) . Conesa-Sevilla quoted Kull ( 1998 ) : Like most people the ecospychologist enters the wonts oflanguaging, copying others without due analysis and contemplation on what these words could intend. The duologue of connection and holistic integrating will go on to germinate but the significances will derive true acknowledgment as position and linguistic communication becomesintegrated action, when worlds as the more-than-human universe Begin to make things for common advantage, for the involvement of the meta-organism. Working as one, bing as one. The human is already recognized as meta-organism, of which many microbic species are working in mutualism, multiple species working in long-run mutualistic relationships. Cell development is inherently derived from symbiotic relationships ( see Margulis, Capra ) . Much of the ecology on Earth is symbiotic ( besides see Harding ) . In the walking group methodological analysis in this research worlds are working as a meta-organism, construing the host landscapes. We eat together, research our milieus, we use multiple senses as a centripetal array to construe the universe, parts doing a whole. As mycelium works with the host environment and other beings, so is the walking group working in mutualism with the social-ecological landscape. There is an exchange of resources and information. When organisms work in mutualism or as meta-organism, we are inventing ways of co-habiting, of bring forthing healthy home ground. Exciting new ways of co-creating home ground, pass oning and working in mutualism among living things in the more than human kingdom, require thoughts to go action. When humans become agents in common relationships with each other and other species in home ground we are going ecosystem by individuality. Action takes on new relevancy, betterments to habitat go the function of the human-ecology mutualism. Furthermore when we are engaged in common action, co-habitation, we are needfully larning every bit good. As the ecosystem in action, we have to larn from what we have around us, continuously interacting with each other and construing the kineticss. It is evident that some topographic points as home ground are non peculiarly healthy. It is besides known that there exists proficient ability and familial diverseness from which ecosystems can be brought up to wellness. Nijhuiss et Al. ( 2011 ) described how the gait of land-use development has exceeded human evolutionary version, peculiarly with mention to agribusiness. They province that this is what fuels our temperament towards nature. However, possibly we are accommodating if we consider the finer landscapes in the Westcountry. It is seldom wild naturalness that we see in this part, connection in this human influenced bio-region is to see a social-ecological system. It is besides more than Appleton’s prospect-refuge theory ( 1996 ) where a relationship to the perceived environment is comparable to an animate being to its home ground, informed by our opportunities of endurance. We like to see without being seen, we prefer landscapes that let us to conceal every bit good as to study the environment. Harmonizing to Appleton, likely those who argue that we have an unconditioned penchant towards nature conflate nature with flora. It is the flora, non the naturalness, which triggers congenital mental temperaments to like those landscapes. There is something more affectional and more holistic than a temperament towards flora at work here. It is more. The animate being and home ground are one in the same. It is experience, ‘deep ecology emerges out of deep experience of nature’ ( Kumar, 2013 ) , and it is relationship: ‘The counterpoison to capitalist rationalisation is a new relationality, an empathic, animal and rational manner of associating that is profoundly concerted, enjoyable and meaningful’ ( Heller, 1999 ) this involves the more than human universe ( Heckert, 2010 ) . There is ‘no ego without topographic point and no topographic point without self’ therefore it necessitates that we engage with landscape, our immediate life home ground, more readily, for mutualism, forourwellness. Griffiths wrote that ‘enclosure crushed the liquors of the common people. For centuries communal carnivals were held on the parks. They were wild in character: bawdry, exuberant, unfettered, they were a common natural state of the human spirit, which demented by claustrophobia, hates to be cooped up, enclosed, indoors’ ( Griffiths, 2008 ) . In this part we have a human altered landscape where portion or about all the home ground is in private owned. For us here we need to be symbiotic with other worlds to make the home ground that we have a temperament towards life in, viz. one that sustains us really efficaciously and where we are free to interact. We can non run into a temperament toward flora and diverseness, relationship and experience without going symbiotic, by larning to be in common relationship with the landscape. To handle the full country as home ground, as the ego, we have to entree as much of it as possible and cognize it good, acquaintance in order to do the home ground map for all. This does intend that we have to go Wilder more intuitive, as home ground and animate being, more active. Taking action with habitat rather literally means non waiting for top-down determination devising to better your universe for you. You work it out for yourself with your meta-organisms. If something is non right with home ground ; repair it or better it with other worlds, workss and animate beings. The option is to envelop the ego psychologically and physically in boundary lines, boundaries or boxes- leting yourself claustrophobia and small influence on how your home ground is making, which is barely relationship at all. That is non ecosystem in action. Human ecological-effort ; inventiveness and interaction, is the most immediate manner of taking action as an incorporate homo, as a more than human being.

“Chemistry” written by Graham Swift Essay

In the opening of the story, Graham Swift uses descritptive writing to give us a striking image of the pond, where he went with his grandfather and mother, â€Å"The pond in our park was circular, exposed, perhaps fifty yards across. When the wind blew, the little waves travelled across it and slapped the paved edges like a minature sea.† This helps the reader gain a more precise image in their head of the park where the narrator is, and it also helps make the story more interesting to read. The opening of the story is also parallel to the end. The narrator in the story, goes back to the pond at the end of the story, and again gives us good imagery description of it, â€Å"Dead willow leaves floated on it†. I found this interesting, because it makes the story cyclical, and may be a reminder of the journey of growing up and of the acceptance ‘ â€Å"You must accept it – you can’t get it back† ‘. It also convinces us to believe that the na rrator went back to the park, for wishful thinking – hoping that his grandfather would return and not wanting to left go of the past. When I first began reading the story, I believed that it was a female narrator. One of the reasonings for this is because it said, â€Å"My grandmother died suddenly†¦ all I know is that I must have had her looks.† However, we are later informed that the narrator is a ten year old boy. We aware of this because his mother calls him her â€Å"little man† and she also says, ‘ â€Å"He’s only ten, what can he know?† ‘. I find this extremely interesting in the story, because he appears to be extremely mature, intelligent and formal. Although he is only ten years old, he uses complex words and sentences such as â€Å"fundamentals of chemistry†, â€Å"haunches† and â€Å"reconciled them in mutual grief†. However, he is cold blooded as he rarely describes how he is feeling and has never mentioned about being upset when his father and grandmother died. This is an unusual perspective to use as he is so young, yet faced with traumatizing experiences, but I believe that the author has done this to highlight his innocent and because he will have few prejudices. This means he will tell the story how it is, without changing it to suit what he believes or his own opinions. An example of this, is when his father comes to see him. Although I believe that it is a dream, the narrator is convinced that his father came to see him – â€Å"That night father came to the bedroom. I knew it was him†. At the beginning of the story, I find it interesting, that the author describes the boat journey, over the pond towards grandfather as â€Å"trouble free†. Then, all of a sudden the boat sinks. I believe that the author purposely makes the boat sink when Ralph is immediately introduced to the story, â€Å"Then one day – it must have been soon after mother met Ralph – we watched the boat†¦ become deeper and deeper in the water.† This contrasts greatly with the boat journey on the pond before the boy’s mother met Ralph, and poses questions in the readers mind that Ralph is going to stop the boy’s and grandfathers â€Å"trouble free† life. I believe that this is interesting because he is indirectly warning the readers that Ralph is going to make things worse, which is symbolic of the sinking boat. An example of Ralph making things worse later in the story, is during meal times. This is because since Ralph’s appearance, the narrator’s mother would cook the things that only Ralph liked and forget to produce meals that grandfather was of. Thus resulting in arguments at meal times, when grandfather was sent out to his shed. Although the story is quite dull and morbid, the author uses humour, when the boy says, â€Å"I wondered how Grandmother could be at the bottom of the Irish Sea and at the same time what Father was doing there†. Again, this highlights his innocence and although it is humerous we are not laughing with him, but at his ignorance. In the story, there are many time shifts. Numerous times the narrator goes back in time, to update and tell the reader of a previous event, such as the relationships between his mother and grandfather before Ralph came along, and explaining why his mother and him came to live with his grandfather . This may be significant in the story because he preferred things in the past, compared to now. I find the relationship between the narrators mother and grandfather interesting. â€Å"He refused to leave the house in which my grandmother had lived, and my parents refused to leave theirs†, tells us that they are both arrogant and selfish and will not give in to their stubborness for one another. The narrator tells us that his mother is also hypocritical towards her father, â€Å"no matter how neglectful and even hurtful she might be to Grandfather herself, she wouldn’t have forgiven someone else’s hurting him†. Also, she tries to punish her father by isolating him from them (as he was â€Å"runing their meals†) by saying â€Å"do you want to take yours out to your shed?!† When he dies, her mother shows no remorse and â€Å"did not cry†. The narrator tells us that, it was as though she had â€Å"this look of relief, as if she had recovered from an illness†. The narrator does not say this, but we assume that the illness was her father. The boy believes that his mother is in love with Ralph, and would choose him over her father, â€Å"If Ralph hurts Grandfather it means I’m right – he doesn’t really care about mother at all; but if mother is cruel to Grandfather it means she really loves Ralph†. However, he also says â€Å"She looked trapped and helpless†, when Ralph and his mother were cuddling, which puts questions in our mind about their relationship and if she is truly happy. Within the story there are many hidden messages and meanings. There are many questions that remained unanswered too. An example of this is when the boy’s father came to visit him during the night. He says to him, ‘ â€Å"It was her. She made a hole in the bottom of the boat, not big enough to notice, so it would sink – so you and Grandfather would watch it sink. The boat sank – like my plane† ‘. The questions that this poses in my mind are: Did the boy’s mother kill her father? Did she kill the boys Grandfather? Is he looking for someone to blame? Did she purposely sink his boat? I think it is ironic that his father â€Å"visited† him, on the night that his Grandfather had died. I believe the author did this purposely to add more mystery and confusion to the story. Another example which raises hints and questions to the reader is the cherry laurel bushes that were growing in their garden. He says, â€Å"Only the cherry-laurel bushes were partly denuded – for some reason Grandfather had been picking their leaves.† Further on in the story, when the boy goes out to the shed, he begins questioning his Grandfather about the chemicals he had. ‘ â€Å"Laurel water. Prussic acid.† He smiled. â€Å"Not for drinking.† ‘ The smile may indicate to the reader that he is smiling to the boy through innocence; telling him to politely and informaly not to drink it, or he his smiling to himself, asthough he has something planned. Again, this poses more questions in my mind but it contradicts my believing that the boys mother killed the boys Grandfather, and because of this it adds more unanswered questions. Also in the story, I find interesting that the official verdict was â€Å"suicide by swallowing prussic acid†, which is an argument for his Grandafther commiting suicide (as he had some prussic acid in his shed), yet the boy is extremely cynical and believes his mother murdered her father. † But all of the other things that should have been explained – or confessed – she never did explain†, and â€Å"I wanted to tell them – about how suicide can be murder† indicate this to us. His mother says to the boy, ‘ â€Å"†¦he wouldn’t have lived much longer anyway† ‘ which may inform the reader that she is trying to justify her actions (murder). Throughout the story is the theme of chemistry and how things are â€Å"changed – not made†. His Grandfather’s job, before retirement, was gold-plating and now, in the shed in the garden, he carries out many experiments, â€Å"I don’t think Grandfather practised chemistry for any particular reason†.The chemistry Grandfather experiments with and changes is a metaphor of what is happening in the home, ‘ â€Å"People change too, don’t they?† ‘ His Grandfather replies with â€Å"They change. But the element’s don’t change.† This is telling the reader, that although people/elements can change and become something else, underneath it all they are still made of the same as they were before.

Food Chemistry Essay

The chemical processes that take place inside food determine its nutritional value, taste, texture and freshness. Like any other organic material, food can decompose over a period of time. The importance of food chemistry lies in its ability to counter the effects of decomposition and spoilage and extend the shelf life of foods. Food chemistry is a science that studies the chemical processes that take place in food. All food products are made of biological materials that react and interact in different ways, and under different conditions. Carbohydrates, lipids (or fats) and proteins are the main components that make up food. Other components such as enzymes, water, minerals, additives and coloring are also areas of study within food chemistry. This branch of science plays a significant role in food processing methods designed to preserve and enhance availability and quality, according to Ohio State University. An understanding of the chemical processes that take place in foods has made food supplies available on a global scale. Methods designed to counter the decomposition process are a central area of study. The principles underlying food chemistry create the methods that make it possible to harvest, preserve, distribute, store and prepare foods for human consumption, according to Ohio State University. Grocery stores are able to provide fresh milk, canned goods, microwave meals and frozen foods because of the knowledge gained through food chemistry studies. Food chemistry plays an integral role within the food science technologies that make global supplies available, according to Ohio State University. These technologies draw from biology, physics, microbiology, nutrition and engineering to put food chemistry principles into practice. The methods used to package and label end-use products must also comply with Food and Drug Administration requirements. Also of importance is the testing and experiments that go into creating flavorful foods for consumer consumption. Foods such as meats and vegetables can contain anywhere from 50 to 95 percent water content, according to Ohio State University. Water activity involves the amount of water available, or susceptible to chemical and biological reactions within a food product. The amount of water activity present can determine the likelihood that bacterial growth and spoilage will develop within food materials. Chemistry methods work to reduce the amount of water contained in a material, or else counter its effects within a food product. Food quality, consumer satisfaction and government requirements are all factors taken into account when designing food processing and preservation methods, according to Ohio State University. And while minimal processing enables foods to retain their original nutritional content, the need to extend the shelf life of end products makes processing and preservation methods necessary. The pH level present within a food product is another variable that influences flavor, texture and freshness. A pH level refers to acidity, or the lack thereof, with high acid contents being less susceptible to decomposition, or spoilage, than low acid content foods.

Discussion on Various Articles Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Discussion on Various Articles - Essay Example The article is about the comparison between two mythical characters named Adam and Adapa that came from near East culture. They were both part of stories about the origin of men. They both failed to gain immortality, but in different ways (Hess 1994, p. 35). Adam did not gain immortality because of his disobedience while Adapa lacked the access to immortality because of his faithfulness to the choice of his father named Ea, the God of Wisdom. Other parallels had been seen by Andreasen between the two as Adapa was shown to follow wisdom while Adam was more of self-follower. They were both challenged by the gods, failed the test, and gave serious consequence to humanity. Their names were also related based on the phonetics (Walton 1989, p. 64). They differ in terms of views on men as Mesopotamian view which is in the character that shows nobility and respect to the gods while Adam showed the opposite which is being sinful. Discussion 2 The Song of Songs is considered to be written by S olomon and a part of the Bible in the Judeo-Christian tradition. It has been studied by various scholars across centuries as the contents are subjected to various interpretations. The contents may be interpreted literally or they may convey deeper meanings in life. People may argue that the verses contain eroticism about the discovery of love and sexuality between a man and woman from adolescence to adulthood. It involves figures that may be considered taboo if people relate them to sexuality (Marieselvam 1987, p. 31). It may be found to be contradicting the teachings of the Christian Church if interpreted literally. For Christians, it is about the relationship between Jesus and the Church as the groom and bride. They talk about the so-called agape or selfless love. Some sexual involvement may be seen but it is part of the love within marriage which is actually a giving and receiving relationship (Hunt 2008, p. 21). Likewise, interpretation truly makes Song of Songs erotic and holy at the same time. It is considered holy in the lines â€Å"My beloved is all radiant and ruddy, distinguished among ten thousand,† (Songs 5:10) and â€Å"Look, it is the litter of Solomon! Around it are sixty mighty men of the mighty men of Israel,† (Songs 3:7). They talk about the coming of the Messiah in the person of Christ who is a descendant of David. In terms of eroticism, Song of Songs should be interpreted literally as â€Å"Let him kiss me with the kisses of his mouth,† (Songs 1:2a) and â€Å"for your lovemaking is better than wine,† (Songs 1:2b). The last two quoted lines showed the acts done by lovers and compared to the taste of wine. Discussion 3 The tale that the author read in Arabian Nights is Ali Baba and the Forty Thieves. It is comparable to another famous Arabian Nights story entitled Aladdin. They are both famous tales from the Middle East which are mostly occupied by Muslims. Their common setting shows palace in the deserts as Arab c ountries are located in those hot dry areas. â€Å"Ali Baba and the Forty Thieves† follows the story of a son of a merchant and his brother being left behind after the death of their father. Cassim, the brother of Ali Baba, was so greedy that he took over the business of their father and married a rich woman. On the other hand, Ali Baba was married to a poor woman and they lived on woodcutting. One day, Ali Baba accidentally discovered the cave of the

Social Policy The modern era Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Social Policy The modern era - Essay Example This will entail use of the functionalist approach which views social welfare development as a response to emerging needs and the conflict approach that views the development as a result of labour movements. First, a brief history of social welfare will be given in order to understand origins and the workings of the old Elizabethan poor law which is the basis of welfare state in Britain. Next, the 19th and 20th century approaches to provision of poverty and public health will be outlined. This is to provide an illustration of early welfare provision and the key themes which have dominated this field for decades. The effect of political, economic and social influences on government intervention will be discussed especially the influence of industrial revolution on society and resulting social problems. The role of the liberal party which came into power in 1906 and labour movements in extending welfare provision will be explained. The effect of the great depression on welfare provisio n is also of great importance to understanding the increased state intervention during inter-war years. Lastly, a summary of the main points discussed will be given. In order to understand the development of the social welfare in Britain it is essential to understand its history. Much of Britain’s welfare policies emanated from the Elizabethan Poor Law of 1601. It established parishes which were responsible for providing relief for the poor (Alcock, Erskine & May, 2003). It also established workhouses where those in need could be assisted and work in return. One could only get relief at his parish of birth and it mostly targeted men as women and children were regarded as dependents. According to Ritter (1986) the workhouses were meant to reduce the eligibility of men to social welfare provision by limiting relief to those in workhouses although out-relief was still being offered to the poor. This was also the origin of the dreaded term ‘pauperism.’ Those receivin g relief were stigmatised and viewed as lazy members of the society who did not want to work (Dean, 2006). As revealed by poverty surveys, the Elizabethan Poor law did not alleviate poverty and was repealed in 1834. The Pre-war social welfare in Britain was dominated by the laissez-faire ideology and according to Walsh, Stephens and Moore (2000) increased state intervention in welfare provision. One of the factors attributed to this is the efficiency of the German welfare system in promoting economic competitiveness that prompted many nations to emulate the system (Dean, 2006). Thane (1996; 2011) argues that it was the industrial revolution in Britain in 18th century continuing into the 20th century that sparked reforms in welfare provision before WWI. The role of the liberal party which came into power in 1906 cannot be overemphasised as well as the philosophy of social liberalism prevalent at the time. Industrial revolution began in the 18th century and with it brought many econom ic and social changes that influenced the development of social welfare in Britain (Walsh et al. 2000). Before then, Britain was an agricultural country but thereafter transformed into a factory-based economy. The domestic system had been the prevalent system in 18th century and workers worked at own homes producing food for subsistence. They could work at their own pace and control their working conditions but due to industrialisation this system was replaced by the factory

Discuss Love and Passion in relation to either Contemporary Art Assignment

Discuss Love and Passion in relation to either Contemporary Art - Assignment Example The essay "Discuss Love and Passion in relation to either Contemporary Art" explores the Contemporary Art and its connection with Love and Passion. Passion is best described as the rendezvous of the body and the soul. The place where the body’s activity is amalgamated with the soul’s passivity all in intertwine and imposing upon each other. The different make-up of the body allows for the disposition of the passion that exists and gives necessary motion into action. Passion diffuses the spirits which ultimately leads to the realization of passion. When this object of passion becomes the pivotal point then it charges for the union of the senses. Foucault relates on how passion can lead to madness as it at certain degrees transcend beyond a simple cause but through its dominance becomes the foundation of its possibility. These ‘diseases,’ like madness, can then be deemed as an illness of both the soul and the corporeal. In the moralist tradition, madness is d efined in correlation to consternated passion. This chase for the gratification of passions can lead to transient lunacy. Previous thoughts directly associated madness with the notion of passion and desire and its fulfillment. If this is true, then it must mean that when love leads to insanity then that is the ultimate consummation of this fusion gone awry. This manifestation of lurid emotions can often be seen in many artists’ works. The fury and passion of relentless and point blank overbearing love is a subject that is not too uncommon.

Managing Performance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Managing Performance - Essay Example Likewise, the organization will be active, physically, statistically, economically etc due to the organized activity of the workers and the departments. Like brain in the human body, the leader of the organization in the form CEO (Chief Executive Officer), MD (Managing Director), Chairman, manager, supervisors etc will put his/her brain and manage the various human filled departments. So, organized human activity is planned and controlled flow of human energy. So, if organized or planned activity is carried out with precision, the organization will be a success. But, precision in organizing or planning cannot be done without the initiatives of the workers and departments and also without a knowledgeable, capable and powerful initiator. Like the five different fingers in one’s hand, each human is different from one another having different characters, attitudes, education, background etc, etc†¦And the unison of these different humans under a single organization to reach a target is, and will always be a difficult proposition. As these different humans could only create a different working culture, the success rate will be minimal. If a common working culture, if correctly said, the perfect, feasible and winnable working culture is ‘operationalised’, through out the organization, the organization will be a success story. The script for the success story could only be scripted by an effective leader or manager. With this optimum working culture the performance of the management can be increased manifold. So, this paper will critically explore the difficulties in efforts to manage employee performance and how the organization and its leader or manager can try different methods to get optimum performance. While trying these different methods or approaches, the organization would face potential problems, but if the methods are carried out perfectly it

Big business Outline Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Big business - Outline Example This paper directly relates to the current issues that involve the manner which organizations are doing business. This is because of globalization, and the era of multi-national corporations, where business organizations are involved in an expansion strategy aimed at increasing the share of their markets, and their profits. However, these organizations cannot invest in a hostile climate that is full of civil war. This is because they would most definitely make losses, and infrastructures do not exist, that can help in the facilitation of business activities. Therefore, having a complete understanding of the political and business environment of a particular region is important because it helps in the development of a decision on whether to expand in a given economy or not. The reason I choose this paper is based on the fact that the world is cur5rently experiencing a series of civil wars. This includes a civil war in Lebanon, Syria, Iraq, Libya, Somalia, Nigeria, etc. These wars play a role in limiting the growth of these states, and in the conduction of international trade. For example, a country such as Nigeria, Iraq and Libya has various multi-national corporations which are in charge of drilling oil, and exploring oil substances. Civil conflicts and political instability would scare off international investors, leading to the collapse of the economies of these countries. The limitation of this paper, is that it does not provide adequate information on how top prevent civil wars. I intend to get this information from books, specifically books written about democracy and politics. Political journals would also be another source of information aimed at supplementing the information contained in this article. This paper examines the causes of conflict, in making countries to be unstable. This paper concerns itself with

Political Science Study Review Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Political Science Study Review - Essay Example In this reading, we are looking at three kinds of variables, which are independent variable, dependent variable and intervening variable. Firstly, when we look at independent variable, it can be mentioned as the ethnicity of the people and the culture followed by them. The reason for this is it is on these elements the whole study of research is based on. The ethnicity and culture of the various group of people is determining the flow of the research and is the one which decides about the dependent variable and intervening variable. On the other hand, the dependent variable is the protest or rebellion. Here, it is the ethnicity and culture of people which causes protest of rebellion among various groups of minority and majority in a community. These independent and dependent variables are the cornerstone of the research and bring about a clear picture of the study conducted by the researcher. There is also intervening variable which plays a significant role in conducting the empirical study by the researcher. As per (Nevarez)â€Å"A third variable that is simultaneously independent and dependent.Here the intervening variable can be pointed out as the residential locality. Residential locality in this research study stands between ethnicity and culture of the people and the resultant factor protest or rebellion. Here, just because someone is from a particular ethnicity cannot cause protest or rebellion. Instead, there need to be a localization of different ethnical people in a locality for protest or rebellion to occur. ... The ethnicity and culture of the various group of people is determining the flow of the research and is the one which decides about the dependent variable and intervening variable. On the other hand, the dependent variable is the protest or rebellion. Here, it is the ethnicity and culture of people which causes protest of rebellion among various groups of minority and majority in a community or society. These independent and dependent variables are the cornerstone of the research and bring about a clear picture of the study conducted by the researcher. There is also intervening variable which plays a significant role in conducting the empirical study by the researcher. As per (Nevarez)â€Å"A third variable that is simultaneously independent and dependent .Here the intervening variable can be pointed out as the residential locality. Residential locality in this research study stands between ethnicity and culture of the people and the resultant factor protest or rebellion. Here, just because someone is from a particular ethnicity cannot cause protest or rebellion. Instead, there need to be a localization of different ethnical people in a locality for protest or rebellion to occur .Here we can understand that ethnicity or culture of a particular group reflects on their centralized living locality and this leads to protest and rebellion on them by major ethnical people. Causal mechanism and other factors related to research Here the causal mechanism focus on the credible pathway that connects the ethnicity and culture of a population to protest and violence. The causal mechanism in this reading which relates the independent variable to dependent variable is the religion. In her book (Tienda 5)writes â€Å"Causal inferences becomes

Organizational change Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Organizational change - Assignment Example Therefore, it becomes essential to understand the interpersonal effects of implementing change before adopting changes within an organisation; different approaches have been developed, providing assistance for understanding change implementation. The method utilised depends on the desired change, organisational current situations and available resources for implementing change. This theory can be defined as a reflection of daily occurrences within an organisation and remains focused on the reality of the situation facing individuals within the organisation. The method remains much focused on the interpersonal situations through the utilisation of three ever-present elements of content, process and structure (Anderson & Anderson 2001). This seeks to analyse and understand these elements in a great extend before engaging in the proposed implementation of change. Sufficient understanding of these elements, and subsequent investment of financial resources, remains paramount to improvement within a changing organisational structure. The performance of organisations remains highly dependent on the output of employees within the organisation; hence the company should provide financial resources in supporting the employees. Creation of a high performance organisation would therefore include achievement of a balance between the resources utilised in enhancing the se three fundamental elements. This remains the fundamental element utilised in understanding the change management process being implemented. The tasks, goals and focus of the company form an essential part in determining the content which change should be introduced upon (Senior 2002). The management members within the company should be made to understand the content which shall be contained within the proposed change. The activities which the HR manager has undertaken can be termed as beginning to create a focus on establishing the content

Resolving Matters of Externalities in Systematic Bargaining Assignment

Resolving Matters of Externalities in Systematic Bargaining - Assignment Example The legal framework and procedure that should be followed to resolve the potential or existing dispute between the firms or other parties to an externality are critical (Kaul, 1999). It is therefore important that strategic tools are put in place and surrounding factors captured in settling the affecting individuals.There are legal frameworks that guide the bargaining power of the affected parties when it comes to externalities.It is therefore important that strategic tools are put in place and surrounding factors captured in settling the affecting individuals.The objective of this study would involve determining various forms of externalities that a firm presents to the society. It would also help in establishing whether there are diverse resolutions legal mechanisms to the affected individuals through systematic bargaining approach. Externalities have remained a critical aspect of the corporate world and its relationship with the members of the community (Kaul, 1999). The establishment of a legal bargaining process for the affected members is key in promoting the general welfare of the society by the firms. Besides, the outcomes of the research would provide information that would serve as a literature review in further future studies. Collecting relevant data and incorporating them into existing legal framework reforms would be an uphill task considering the deep political aspects of the corporate world. Besides, the research requires a significant amount of funds and time which poses a real challenge to the resolution mechanism establishment.

Orthodox Jewish Wedding Essay Example for Free

Orthodox Jewish Wedding Essay Marriage is normally a ceremony done in churches, in government premises, or in modern ones like beaches and gardens. It is usually done as a sign of love between two people. Marriage used to be a very sacred ceremony as two people say their vows to each other. Different cultures do this in different manners. In this paper, we will discover how the Orthodox Jewish wedding is done. This would prove the diversity of cultures in the world and how the Jewish community carries out their traditions and belief. This is divided into three parts that include the preparations done before the wedding, the set up days before the wedding and the wedding proper. When two people fall in love, what they want to end up mostly is a bride and a groom or a husband and a wife. Although it is altered by some other reasons in the modern times, the idea of marriage is still considered sacred by most of us. Although socio-economic status, health, dynasty and other things affect the people’s view on marriage, we still cannot take away the fact that the people who get married always ask for a happy life. Whatever reason they may have, the bottom line is still that they are searching for contentment in any way. A Jewish wedding day, the same with all other religions, is something that they really celebrate. Different kinds of rituals happen weeks before and during this day, in consideration of their history and heritage. As soon as the couple gets engaged, rituals already take place. It includes breaking a plate to represent the temples in Jerusalem that were destructed. It is to signify that even if they are enjoying in the celebration of the wedding, they are still saddened with the fact that these temples were destroyed before. It is also usual for the parents to do the arrangement of the wedding, with the help of someone like a match-maker called Yenta. Although this is so, the groom is still required to ask the bride’s father for her hand in marriage and to pay a dowry in exchange of the bride (Retrieved on December 11, 2008 from http://www. bbc. co. uk/religion/religions/judaism/rites/weddings_1. shtml). Judaism sees this practice as sacred. They think that without a man and a woman, each of the sexes will never be complete. They complement each other and each compensates what the other loses. They also teach in their doctrines that any person without getting married doesn’t experience the absolute joy and contentment in this life. It means that being married gives satisfaction to people, especially when they are blessed by God. When referring to marriage, they usually use the term â€Å"sanctification† which usually refers to the spirituality of the bond that binds two people and of the commandment made by God. They also see it as something that has a purpose. They view marriage as a perquisite to reproduction and friendship. It is both procreation and companionship. In the bible, as they believe, â€Å"It is not good for a man to be alone†. It is also a practice of each person’s legal rights through a contractual agreement where they sign on. Although there were times when the Jews were dispersed all over the world, they are still successful in preserving this practice as they live. This is probably because they really believe in the practice, because through it, history proves that families stayed stable and happy when they underwent the same kind of marriage . Jewish weddings are almost the same. They are made easier by the Rabbis by asking for a very minimal requirement. The Rabbis is the one who makes the laws in this kind of ritual (Retrieved on December 11, 2008 from http://www. confetti. co. uk/article/view/5054-7598-0-). Marriage in the Orthodox Jewish is very much full of traditions that show practice and devotion. In planning their weddings, every detail is very important. They take the preparation as a challenge of their capacity and a challenge to celebrate the wedding successfully. They pay too much attention to all the needs of the ceremony that makes every wedding a perfect one. The Orthodox Jews are believed to be the strictest among the strands of the Jewish faith. Their wedding ceremony is done by combining the legal and religious aspects of marriage. In case one of the couple is non-Jewish, he or she is asked to convert to the same religion. They believe that happiness cannot be achieved if they don’t undergo marriage, which is a license to fulfillment in the world. Also, it is said that when they get married, they don’t just focus on material and temporal elements of the preparation, but they also assure that their doctrines are properly carried out and that their spiritual and moral preparedness is enveloped on the marriage itself. It just proves that although their marriage is after a good life on earth, they still put in more consideration the supernatural and their religion per se (Retrieved on December 11, 2008 from http://www. confetti. co. uk/article/view/5054-7598-0-). Planning an Orthodox Jewish wedding is very tedious. They must consider a lot of things for them to be able to come up with a successful one. Most of the Jewish couple provides a planner that would make it easier for them to see chronologically their plans and the specifics of the ceremony. Through that, they will be able to get organized and efficient in the planning of the main event. The date of the wedding is usually known after they already register with a synagogue and Rabbi at the Chief Rabbi’s office. The time of the day and the day itself are also given much attention to in planning a wedding. It is usual to marry in the afternoon or in the evening, but you can also marry anytime of the day according to what the couple desires. Most of them, however, choose to marry on days like Sunday and Tuesday. It is also not allowed to do the wedding three weeks between July and August and on the Sabbath of festival days (Rosh Hashanah, Yom Kippur, Passover Shavuot, and Sukkoth). In case, they want to get married on a Saturday, they prohibit doing the ceremony earlier than two hours before the sun is down (Retrieved on December 11, 2008 from http://www. onfetti. co. uk/article/view/5054-7598-0-). In general, the first thing to do in planning it is to choose a date that they both want. They usually choose special days like the birth or the death of their rabbis to make a more meaningful celebration. Like other people getting married, they choose a date that means something to them or a date that is significant in their relationship. They also must specify a place or a venue which has enough space for dancing and a wide area where you can put a divider to separate men and women for modesty’s sake. They are very much particular with modesty which they can prove by separating people of different sexes during the wedding ceremony. They must also choose a rabbi to preside the wedding ceremony and a sofer or a Jewish scribe to take charge of the Ketuba or the marriage contract. After that, they must tell their relatives and friends about the wedding and invite them to attend on it. Attendees on this kind of practice matters a lot to the couple because the wedding would not mean anything at all without the presence of a specific number of people. Once they confirm their attendance, they can already inform the caterer about the approximate number of visitors. This is usually done to avoid hassles to both families of the groom and the bride and to assure that everyone eats enough as they celebrate that most important part of their couple life. After that, they must inform those people who are taking part in the wedding to dress accordingly. This is also a sign of respect to the practice. The female ones must use clothes covering the knees and the arms to the elbows, while the married ones must cover their air. Men must wear yarmulkes. The couple must make the wedding canopy from a cloth that is velvet or from a prayer shawl. This is to signify the clouds that helped Jews with everything when they were in the desert. They must make sure that they have the dress, rings without anything engraved in them, and the other things. The bride must make sure she has a veil thicker than the others’ to wear it on the wedding day. From that, they must find a schedule to do the veiling ritual prior the wedding ceremony. It is said that such a practice symbolizes the biblical story that happened between Jacob and Rachel, when they planned to get married. They must assign seven men to utter the words of blessings with a wine. Lastly, they must secure a room for the couple where they can spend on after the wedding proper. They are expected to stay there before they eat and spend time together alone for a certain period (Retrieved on December 11, 2008 from http://www. ehow. com/how_2077192_plan-orthodox-jewish-wedding. html). The wedding invitation is usually two sided and has an English translation at the right side. It does not ask for the person’s presence, instead it is asking people to â€Å"dance at† or â€Å"share in the joy of†. In this kind of ritual, visitors are very important, because they play a very vital role in the process. The copies of the invitation may be distributed and may be given by the couple or both of their parents. Sometimes, the invitation also includes biblical quotes to explain people why such thing is done or to further elaborate the importance of each part of the program (Retrieved on December 11, 2008 from http://www. weddingdetails. com/lore/jewish. cfm). All of the guests are provided with copy of the program for them to know exactly what part they are in during the wedding proper. It may also include some Ketuba texts, the vendors’ names, a note coming from the bridal couple and some explanations of the different elements of the ceremony. This is also done to avoid unnecessary noises when they ask others why a particular thing is done (Retrieved on December 11, 2008 from http://www. weddingdetails. com/lore/jewish. cfm). The Orthodox bride must prepare something white, while the groom must have a short white linen robe called a kittel. The bride is also expected to visit mikyah in the morning of her wedding. This is done to make sure that the bride undergoes a ritual bath that is believed to purify her and to make her a better woman as she gets married (Retrieved on December 11, 2008 from http://www. weddingdetails. com/lore/jewish. cfm). It is also a must, that in able for a couple to get married in the Orthodox Jewish tradition, it is a perquisite that their parents also married in the same manner. Usually, both of their parents underwent the same practice. If in case their parents did not undergo the practice, they must talk to the rabbi for clarification. The ceremony includes singing and reading from the psalms. The wedding usually takes an hour before it finally ends. The wedding can actually occur anywhere, depending on what the groom and the bride choose. Given a desired venue, the bride or the Kallah and the groom or the Chatan, must stand under a canopy. The venue as chosen by them is usually paid by the bride’s parents. The validity of the wedding depends on the number of males present. There must e ten of them, which in their tradition, is called minyan (Retrieved on December 11, 2008 from http://www. confetti. co. uk/article/view/5054-7598-0-). Prior to the ceremony, the groom may spend time with his friends as eat and drink together on a table, called chassans tisch. Brides, on the other hand, take three or seven times circling her groom which is also a practice based on their bible (Retrieved on December 11, 2008 from http://www. weddingdetails. com/lore/jewish. cfm). When the guests arrive on the wedding day, males go with the groom in a certain room, while the female ones go with the bride in another room where she sits on a throne-type chair. This is called â€Å"public beckoning† and may be spent with just family and other guests (Retrieved on December 11, 2008 from http://www. eddingdetails. com/lore/jewish. cfm). A service usually starts with the opening from the rabbi, followed by a bride being escorted to the canopy. It is then followed by a ritual of circling the groom by the bride. This also has a hidden meaning. The benedictions are read after and then the sharing of the cup of wine. The exchange of the rings is then done, followed by the reading of ketuba. Another cup of wine is offered which is shared by the groom and the bride. It was first blessed and told with a prayer for the companionship and joy of the newly wed. Later on, they are proclaimed as husband and wife and they are showered with rice and are greeted with a toast (Retrieved on December 11, 2008 from http://www. weddingdetails. com/lore/jewish. cfm). During the marriage proper, the groom is asked to read from the Torah. That ritual is called Aufruf. Further, it is like a way of congratulating the couple, and letting the public know that they are getting married soon. In the same practice, some brides throw candies and nuts as he finishes the recitation of the benedictions. Through that, they are able to ask for a sweet and fertile life. The groom gives his bride a ring that is a sign of love. It is put on the bride’s right index finger, up to the second knuckle. It is so, because they believe that such a finger points to the soul and that it is used in pointing when they are reading the Torah. On the contrary, she puts the ring on his left ring finger. As they are doing this, they are reciting a Hebrew statement called haray aht (Retrieved on December 11, 2008 from http://www. weddingdetails. com/lore/jewish. cfm). In summary, preparing for the Orthodox Jewish Wedding is no easy thing. It requires a lot of effort to come up with an acceptable wedding that takes in consideration both the earthly and the religious aspect of life. Through this paper, we can also picture that even if there are still more days before the wedding, the people are already busy planning the event and are already doing some practices for the benefit of the big day. The wedding proper shows that values of these people as they do the rituals associated with getting married. It is also very obvious that they are really trying hard to avoid getting away from the proper way of doing it. Before and after the wedding, they are very optimistic about their, because of their trust to the Almighty. Everyone is looking forward to a happy and a blessed life ahead as they undergo the blessing of God through marriage. Celebration of their wedding is really something that the Jewish community must really be proud of. It is full of traditions that only their group inhibits and practices as well. Their culture is very rich and admirable. This is only a proof that cultures vary from place to place and that each culture has its beauty that everyone can admire. It is the Jewish community’s pride to have this and definitely, there are not just proud, but happy about acquiring this kind of culture.

Study On Southwest Airlines Management Essay

Study On Southwest Airlines Management Essay The past few decades the airline industry has experienced major setbacks. They went through governmental deregulations in the 1980s where many of the airlines had to file for bankruptcy or close down because they were not making a profit. The ones who survived these series of crises out of deeply in debt, strapped by union regulations, and facing an industry that was highly competitive. Then when the World Trade Center was hit by terrorist late in 2001 these airline companies faced a country that was leery of air travel and as a result these companies often had to fly their planes with empty seats. On top of that these airlines had to incur additional costs due to the rising cost of fuel. The airlines that had survived these earlier disasters finally succumbed to the economic pressures that they were facing. Again, they were forced to either file bankruptcy or merge into other companies. During all of these trials and tribulations when many of these organizations were failing, one carrier grew and prospered throughout this entire period -[this airline is] Southwest Airlines. (Buller, 2006). Company Description Southwest Airlines was founded in the 1960s and since its beginning Southwest has always been the underdog, fighting for its survival. It was approved to fly on February 20, 1968 from the Texas Aeronautics Commission. But it had many legal and political battles to fight over the next few years in order to continue doing business. Braniff, Trans Texas, and Continental fought to keep Southwest Airlines out of the market. Eventually Southwest had to go to the Texas Supreme Court and then to the United States Supreme Court in order to get the approval to continue to operate. Herb Kelleher, who was a law student graduate from New York University and also Southwests CEO, led the fight most of the way and it was through his efforts that Southwest came out of their early legal battles, victorious. From these early battles to the major airline that is now days, Southwests growth can be divided up into three different phases. The first, named Proud Texan phase, took place from 1971 to 1978. It was during this period that Southwest expanded its services within the state of Texas. Since it did not cross state lines the company was not subjected to many of the federal regulations that other airlines had to face, thus saving the company time and money. The second phase is called the Interstate Expansion and it took place from 1978 to 1986. It was during this phase that Southwest Airlines started flying into other states. By the end of the Interstate Expansion Southwest was flying into 14 different airports. Southwest opened into these markets after the deregulation which allowed them to operate on interstate bases without being overburden by the government. The third phase is the National Achievement phase which took pace from 1987 to 1997. During this phase Southwest gained much of its success and notoriety. It was during this phase where Southwest airlines had most of its growth. By looking at the past we can discover important insights about the companys culture and philosophy. In Southwests case after looking at its different stages of growth we can see that the company is careful about how fast it expands. Many airlines have expanded to fast, lost control, and going under. Southwest decided to take a more conservative approach, go-slow, a philosophy which comes from Herb Kelleher. The company has a policy that even if a city offers money to the company they can not enter that market. Rather, the only way Southwest will enter a market is if conditions are favorable to the company, including, but not limited to weather and economic conditions. The way Southwest handles their growth brings up two important points about the company. The first is that the company does not want the growth of their organization to get out of hand. They have watched other companies in the past and have learned from their mistakes This efficient growth strategy is evidenced by the fact that the top 100 most profitable markets for airlines account for 75 percent of Southwests profits. The second is that Southwest airline is an ethical company. They refuse to take bribes from cities and communities that want their business. Both of these points come from Southwest cultures and can be traced to back to Herb Kelleher and management techniques. The CEO Herb Kelleher is a man who must be looked at in order to understand Southwest Airlines. It was Kellehers vision that made Southwest Airlines what it is today and much of the companys fun oriented culture comes directly from him. He took the company from scratch and built it into a major airline company. Kelleher is friendly, participative, deeply involved, and caring approach is revered throughout the organization. He can be described as being both a charismatic and a transformational leader. For Kellehers aura inspires the people of Southwest Airlines and to transcend their own self-interest. (Robbins, 2007). Herb Kelleher has been described time and time again as having charisma. Even though it is hard to put a definition on charisma, Kelleher does fit into Robert Houses four characteristics of a charismatic leader. First, Kelleher has a vision and he articulates that vision of high quality customer service in the mission statement at Southwest airline. Second, he takes personal risks in order to achieve that vision. He showed that he was willing to take personal risk and incur high costs when he was fighting the legal battles at the inception of Southwest Airlines. Third, he is sensitive to his followers needs. Herb Kelleher seems to really care about his employees and their well being. This permeates throughout the whole organization and most of his employees understand his level of empathy for them. Finally, he displays unconventional behavior. This can be seen by looking at Southwest airlines, it seems to do everything unconventional but it has the success to back it up. Herb Kelleher can also be described as a transformational leader. By listening to the stories from Southwest employees a person will soon learn that the culture at Southwest is truly different and that this difference is credited to Herb Kelleher. One of the stories that resonates throughout the company is how one of the Southwest agents babysat a passengers dog for two weeks so that the customer could take a flight on which pets were not allowed. (Buller, 2006). It is this kind of service that can be seen throughout the whole organization. Southwests employees often ask themselves if this is something Herb Kelleher would do? Mission and Objectives Southwest Airlines mission focuses on their employees and customer service. Southwests mission is dedication to the highest quality of Customer Service delivered with a sense of warmth, friendliness, individual pride, and Company Spirit. (Buller, 2006). Since Southwest is a no frills airline they gain and keep customers by offering exceptional customer service which is provided through the employees, the cornerstone of the company. Southwest Airline proclaims that We are a company of people, not planes. That is what distinguishes us from other companies.(Buller, 2006). Other companies may have nicer airplanes but they only provide good service to first class ticket holders. Southwest treats all of their customers as if they were all riding first class. Having a mission statement focused on customer service makes Southwests relationship to its customers unique. This is what allows Southwest Airline to dominate the discount airline market. The objective at Southwest are simple; to provide basic services in an efficient effective manner. Southwests flights are safe, low-price transportation with great customer service. Southwest offers some of the industries lowest fares and have one of the industries highest safety ratings. Another main objective of Southwest is to provide arrivals and departures that are consistent and on time. This has been a large problem for many airlines. But because Southwests average turn around time of 15 to 20 minutes helps ensure on-time flights. As long as Southwest continues to achieve its objectives, they will continue to excel in the airline industry. Southwest Strategies The strategy portion of Southwests business begins with its workforce which is carefully selected and trained to reflect the image of the company. It starts with a careful hiring process. Applicants to Southwest are put through a strenuous selection process because the company is focused on obtaining people with the right attitudes for their company. This is because the belief at Southwest is that they can teach skills but they can not teach attitude. Some of the attributes the company is looking for in employees include: positive attitude, positive self image, internal locus of control and highly conscientious. Once the right people are selected for the jobs, the training begins. Kelleher pushes the importance of maintaining a cohesive culture and training is an excellent way of assuring that this is achieved. A major way that employees learn to adhere to the culture of Southwest is through Southwest University which is a training facility where employees learn what it means to be part of the Southwest family. In addition to strenuous hiring and training processes Southwest Airlines invests heavily in treating its employees well. In an industry notorious for labor disputes and bad union relations Southwest Airlines is a rare exception. The majority of their employees, 85 percent, are non-unionized. When the company does have to deal with unions the negotiations are generally friendly. Much of this success comes from a practice of profit sharing with its employees. In this case, profit sharing can be beneficial because it encourages employees to be personally vested in the company and it allows for room for salary negotiations. Southwest also offers excellent medical and dental benefits which are very important in the era of rising health costs. Good salaries, health care programs and profit sharing are tools the company uses to retain the valuable employees it worked so hard to obtain. All of the benefits of working for Southwest directly feed into its corporate culture, which is one of Southwests key strategies. Part of the reason Southwest is so successful is because they strive to make it fun to fly with them. To accomplish this the company created an atmosphere that is fun to work in. This means diminishing the influence of bureaucratic restrictions so the employees feel like the management is working with them, to bring excellent customer service. Southwest creates their desired culture by using: a flat structure, teams, good labor relations and profit sharing to modify employee behavior to be that of a free flowing team versus a bureaucratic dictatorship. Another important way that Southwest works to reinforce its corporate culture is through company mailings. LUV Lines is the company news letter and it contains detailed information about the performance of Southwest as well as other competitors. This is a good tool for flattening the organizational structure because well informed employees are more likely to make the correct decisions. The newsletters helps make sure the employees know where their company stands in relation to the competition which encourages the feeling of ownership that is necessary to create involved employees. Southwest also has an entire book devoted to creating, positively outrageous service. This is crucial because one of the main goals of a cooperative culture is to bring about an environment in which its customers are properly cared for. Structure Largely due to the fact that the planes must operate safely and efficiently, Southwest Airlines structure is like most airlines, formal and centralized. But where Southwest differs is on their loose tight design.(Buller, 2006). They give their employee informal job descriptions concerning customer service. While there is very high standardization regarding operations, it is low with respect to customer service.(Buller, 2006). Southwest empowers its employees to do what is necessary to please their customers. So Southwest follows both the mechanistic model and organic model. On its upper levels, such as the corporate office and the flight crew, the mechanistic model is used. On the companies lower level where safety and time is not as high of a priority, the organic model is used. This gives the employees leeway to try new things on the customer service level while maintaining safety. Human Resource Management Southwests human resource departments mission statement is: recognizing that our people are the competitive advantage, we deliver the resources and services to prepare our people to be winners, to support the growth and profitability of the company, while preserving the values and special culture of Southwest Airlines. (Buller, 2006). Structurally, Southwest places more focus on their human resource department, The People Department than do its competitors. This is a major advantage for Southwest Airlines. Since Southwest Airlines has a reputation for being a great place to work, many people apply to work there. This allows Southwest airlines to be selective in its hiring process and to look for the best fit for both the employees and the company. Southwest rejects about 100,000 applicants a year while maintaining a lower turnover rate than their competition. Having this low turnover rate show that Southwest airline does a good job in their selections and their employees that they do hire have a good fit for their organization. Culture and Control Southwests culture is its most unique attribute. The company focuses on a team-oriented culture and is not distracted by work rules and regulations that most competitors are consumed by. Southwest foregoes the functional structure of its competitors in favor of a more positive equalitarian culture to create a positive equally based culture. This approach contributes significantly to Southwest having the lowest employee turnover rate in the industry and the highest level of consumer satisfaction. Conclusion As was noted above Southwest Airlines has had success while their competitors have gone under. A majority of this success can be credited to Herb Kelleher and the culture that he has created. However, Herb Kelleher is getting close to retiring and he has no clear successor to take his place. It will be interesting to watch and see who Southwest picks as Herb Kellehers successor. This will be an important crossroads in Southwests future as a new CEO can change Southwests whole culture and the direction that the company is going. Only time will tell if the unique culture and organization that Kelleher has created will survive this uncertain future.

The Alliance Between Renault Nissan Marketing Essay

The Alliance Between Renault Nissan Marketing Essay In the age of globalisation companies are trying to cope with consequences of this historical process. Scholars in this field have noticed that companies could either merge or conclude an alliance to cope with globalisation. The scholars, however, differ among themselves as to which is better, alliance or merger. By being global a firm would have a better chance to enter a new market, and increase both its global market share and global competitive advantage (Shenkar,2008,p.303,332). The two processes differ in terms of their meanings and the reasons for choosing one of them rather than the other. International mergers are when two firms from different countries, and have their own capabilities, agree to integrate in order to create a stronger core competency in the global market (Shenakr2008:303). However, strategic alliances are contracts between two parties from different countries, when they agree to cooperate in order to do a particular task(Charles, international Business, p.411).This shared task cant be realised and create a value unless the two parties work together(Andrew, Strategic alliances, P.404).(I can delete this phrase) In the case of Renault-Nissan, it is preferable to have an alliance than merger for many reasons. Charles Hill (int. business:412) claims that Alliances, would facilitate more than mergers the entrance for companies to new geographical phases where there are some restrictions on foreign investments. (Comprehensive cases,p. 312)the two companies had their own capabilities in their own market. Renault for instance, already existed in Europe and North America, and was well-known for its design and marketing. At the same time Nissan was the powerhouse engineering in Japan, Europe and North America. Therefore, there was a good chance for Renault to Enter the Japanese market where there are many barriers from the Japanese government. Synergy however, is vital for alliance. According to Shenkar( 2008: 333) alliance would be more rational when the two firms look for further synergy in their financial, technological aims. He adds, this alliance would provide the two parties with complementary resources and capabilities(HSenkar, 2008). This synergy between two companies was the key element for choosing Nissan-Renault alliance. According to Chosn, the manager of the alliance: we said from the beginning that we were not looking for a merger, but rather to get greater value from synergy between the two companies (Emerson, the interview). According to Chosn, the reason for choosing alliance rather then merger was that both companies were looking for turnaround. Although alliance was more risky than merger, yet they chose it because they thought it would give them more opportunities to develop.(Emerson, the interview). However, despite the advantages Nissan-Renault gained from the alliance, they faced challenges. One of the challenges is whether the alliance would lead to an increase or decrease in the price share (Ernst Halvey, When, p. 48).This was a real challenge for Nissan, whose share price fell when it entered the alliance.(Comprehensive cases). Furthermore, the two companies had a challenge of cross-culture problems. However, with their ability to focus on the work objective they were able to succeed. 508 Renault before and after alliance The alliance between Renault Nissan, as indicated by the results in March 2004, was an outstanding paradigm of a successful alliance around the world. However, before 1999, the prospective of forming an alliance between these two firms was not such rosy. From Renaults point of view, various factors were strengthening the former opinion. Firstly, (Morosini P. Dec 2004) Renault was recovering during 1996 and 1998-9 turning losses of US$680 million into combined profits of US$1.65 billion. Moreover, the failure to merge with Volvo in 1995 had left its mark on the company and any further attempts to a new alliance were confronted distrustfully. In addition, the fact that both firms were playing a dominant role in the auto industry of their countries was indicating that a potential alliance was going to collapse in a decision-making stalemate. Nevertheless, the supporters of the latter argument were gainsaid. The mutual benefits that they were going to absorb from the alliance laid aside the potential problems and both parties focused on the success of the alliance. This was a crucial challenge, which they managed to handle by learning to trust each other, be truthful and honest during the negotiations. Additionally, (Bartlett C., Ghoshal S., Beamish P., 2008) by forming joint study teams, in order to test their companies ability to work cooperatively, they minimized the cultural stereotypes and set the base for exploiting joint synergies. The two companies were so complementary in terms of geography, product ranges and personality that inevitably the future was foreboding promising. Besides, this process gave Renault an advantage over competitive suitors such as Ford and DaimlerChrysler, which focused only on finding synergies on past and current advantages rather than on a prospective productive future. On this basis, Renault, through the alliance with Nissan, achieved to gain international structure which enabled it to deal successfully with the changes which were taking place on the world automobile stage. Thereby, Global synergies and the expansion of its production to foreign , until then, markets like Japan, North America and Asia enhanced its potential and made it a countable member in the auto industry. 357 Nissan before and after alliance Nissans history starts from the early of 1933. Nissan is a Japanese automobile manufacturer which achieves, through the years to have strong market presence in Asia and US. Except for the fact that Nissan was a highly emblematic symbol of Japans industrial strength, had also a number of strong points such as technological and engineering competence, and also was good at making large cars. In late March 1999 Nissan and Renault sign an agreement for a Global Alliance. Aim for this agreement was to provide an advantage and achieve profitable growth in both companies. However, Nissan was nearly bankrupt and faced significant debt problem when the alliance formed. One of the major reasons for this debt and financial difficulty was the fact that Nissan invested a lot of money in different companies and this has a result, Nissan not be in position to invest money in the company and its products (Ghosn, 2002). Therefore the company for a long time did not have any profit and this made the debt for Nissan in 1999 to reach the US $22 billion. Furthermore, during the same year (1999), the domestic market share had fallen from 17.4% to 13%. Have in mind this and after that Daimler Chrysler and Ford refused the idea of a partnership and broken of the alliance talk with Nissan, the company resorted to the strategic alliance with Renault, where both companies had clear idea of what they wanted. The alliance was vital for the two companies as Nissan needed Renaults cash in order to reduce its debt problem and Renault wanted to learn from Nissans success in US and Asia which was essential for the expansion in its market. During the period of social initiation process, of six months, many advantages arose over competitors as they carried out static analytical evaluations and they focused on finding collaborations based on their past and current strengths rather than on jointly future. In order to accomplish this, Nissan had change significantly to redeem its profitability and competiveness. First Nissan quit the investments in other companies, in other words the keiretsu which is a Japanese traditional rule that requires all the companies in Japan to have long-term purchasing relationship, intense collaboration and frequent exchange of personnel and technology between companies and selected suppliers (Okamura, 2005). The personal management also had changed and whereas Nissan in the past appraised their employees based on the period that they were working for the company, now they changed the criteria of evaluation by looking on the performance of each employee. Further they set up a common language i.e. English and they have created nine Cross-functional teams. By the implementation of the above changes, Nissan manage to cut down in purchasing cost, to reduce suppliers, to close overlapping outlets and plants and finally to reduce the work force. Through the alliance of Nissan and Renault, the benefits that arose were obvious and determinant. Transparent benchmarking allows two culturally diverse companies to share best practises and also the common platform and shared purchasing strategy had delivered huge cost of savings. Noticeable is the fact that in order to preserver corporate identities they decide to remain as separate managements, separate brands and separate companies while every decision was affecting both brands. The operation recommendation which arise from this alliance case provide valuable elements on how two companies, that are in the same situation like Renault and Nissan which show strength in different competence and regions of the world (Nissan had strong presence in Asia and US while Renault had presence in Europe), can approach the growing and competitive auto manufacturing global market. Therefore the success of this alliance is also interrelated with the synergy among the two companies and the framework of equality help the transfer of knowledge between foreign engineering teams. Finally Nissan successfully achieve to jump from seventh most valuable automobile company in the world to the fourth. 656 Structure of Alliances The aim of this section is to study structure of the alliances between Renault Nissan and advice about the best possible structure in futures alliances. Strategic alliances are said to be a source of competitive advantage. However there is a growing concern over their failure rates. One of the major causes is the inability to implement the appropriate governance structure and management control systems in the newly formed association (Smith, 2008). According to the study most of the companies form an alliance management team which manage across the organisation using Cross-Company Teams, Cross functional teams, Steering Committees and Alliance Board. By observation, Renaults was interested in creating respect between two alliance partners and respectively followed an Andean civilization approach to work together for six months before forming an alliance. (Donnelly, Morris Donnelly, 2005). The social initiation process provided Renault Nissan an advantage over its competitors such as Daimler Chrysler. The later company did not experiment social collaboration to develop the ability of sharing knowledge and building trust (Deresky, 2008). Therefore the structure in Renault Nissan was the result of, what the companies experienced during the social initiation stage. They formed a new board having 5 members each from the host companies. Further to speed the integration and improve communication process they created Nine Cross-functional teams (CFT) and 11 Cross-company teams (CCT) (Donnelly, Morris Donnelly, 2005: 434). More importantly, these teams had a Chair person from Renault, Vice Chair person from Nissan or vice-versa. Moreo ver the CFT was limited to 10 members from different departments such as purchasing, manufacturing which ensured progress between these departments (Donnelly, Morris Donnelly, 2005). As a result the alliance was able to launch 22 new car models in the next three years and increase the manufacturing capacity in Japan. Moreover the CCT created efficient synergies. One of the examples of amalgamation process was in Mexico. Renault had left the market in 1986 and Nissan was facing overcapacity in1999. So alliance decided to put the managers from both the companies together and recognise synergy opportunity. In just five months Renault cars were being manufactured out of Nissan plants and the capacity utilisation of the plant increased from 56% to nearly 100%. In summary cross-company teams allowed Renault- Nissan to first go through a social initiation experience and then move into a formal framework of collaboration and knowledge exchange (Deresky, 2008: 318). Similarly cross functional teams enhanced the process of integration. Cooperative Operation In this part of report, we will discuss how close collaboration between two companies in operational level has resulted in synergy. The main sources of data in this part are Renault and Nissan official websites. Supply chain management is one of the areas of key concern for global car manufacturers (John Gattorna). Major players in Car Industry are looking for revolutionary methods of management of their suppliers. In Renault-Nissan case, RNPO or Renault Nissan Purchasing Organization is a unique joint organization responsible for integrating purchasing Strategy. As we will describe in next paragraph, as a result of mutual engineering efforts, Renault and Nissan cars can share components. This fact allows the alliance to combine their purchasing orders. Therefore, not only the cost of order has reduced but RNPO defines worldwide purchasing strategy and now it is accountable for full purchase of Nissan and Renault. (www.renault.com) Another area for mutual cooperation between two companies is engineering which could be a lesson for other car manufacturers to reach economic of scale and scope. The key difference in Renault-Nissan case is concentrating on designing and producing components of car jointly instead of developing whole car from scratch. The alliance achieves economic of scale by producing in larger scales and economic of scope by manufacturing components which are compatible for different models of both brands. Moreover, one of top priorities of MNC is to find a way to reduce RD cost as well invest in new technologies with lower cost. For instance, according to Renault website, the alliance helps two companies to invest in advance technology like hybrid vehicles. In conclusion firms should successfully integrate their complimentary competencies to standardize their purchase orders and components manufacturing. Therefore they can reduce their cost and achieve greater outcomes. The role of Corporate and National Culture Corporate culture is the combined beliefs, values, ethics, procedures, and atmosphere of an organization ().One of the important issues raised in the Nissan Renault alliance is the management of two different cultures. While Renault strategy was liked western strategic orientation and Nissan was under the influence of corporate and national culture (Culpan.R,2002). Accordingly, the collective share of ideas and strategic management were effective and the employees of both companies could understand each other culture background, subsequently respect the identities of their colleagues as well as their values. Thus, Ghosn put cross- culture training programs for over 1500 employees from Renault to learn about the Japanese culture and 400 Nissan employees study the French culture (pooley, 2005).it was a first positive step in terms of creating a successful alliance of two different cultures. After presenting the French and Japanese culture, it was significant to understand their differ ences and how certain Hofstedes cultural theories (clenc, 2000) applicable to the case of Nissan and Renault. Japanese societies are well-known to be more collectivist and in opposite, French societies are based on individualistic efforts from employees. As the decision making process in Nissan was working the percept of groupthink, mostly the people who thought alike. Moreover, Nissan had a problem in terms of excess capacity that was based on an unofficial contract that existed between Japanese auto companies and their employees. Ghosn closed five factories and cutting some 21,000 jobs to broke this custom. He also took on the close network of relationships between auto companies and their suppliers, relationships denoted by a specific Japanese word, keiretsu (). An also after this situation as he employed new engineers in to the Nissan organisation, he decided to put English as formal language for company to deal with diversity of language spoken. In addition, in the Japanese cul ture, is not possible for a young employee to be manager for a colleague who is older in terms of age and seniority. However, the ECOs new system of promotion to begin restructuring the management process in company, was based on performance and efficiency, not employees age. As a result, the Renault-Nissan alliance has been hugely successful. There is broad acknowledgement by many at senior levels inside both companies that much credit for this must be given to their conscious effort to build cross-cultural understanding from the start. 396 Recommendations The success of alliance between Renault and Nissan proves that alliances can be a successful approach to expand globally. Therefore, we believe as a group that there are recommendations which could be taken into consideration, by any other car companies thinking to form a successful alliance to enter new markets. When two firms come to a decision of entering an alliance they should be aware of variations in cultures, languages and mentalities. This can be realised by understanding these differences and focussing more on the shared goals and objectives. In terms of operations, Renault Nissan can be used by other car companies in different ways. In supply chain management a similar organisation like RNPO can be established by other alliances to unify their purchasing orders and therefore reducing the cost of orders. In engineering we suggest for future alliances to focus on producing car components jointly instead of designing new cars entirely which failed in similar cases. By implementing the above strategies, the costs of RD can be reduced and higher output can be achieved by using shared resources. It is obvious from the case effective cross-culture management was one of the important key successes for the company. Thus, when two different companies spouse to work with each other in especial strategic alliance, creating a situation for managers and employees to learn about each other culture could be significant. Another step for developing corporate culture in this kind of alliances is making one formal language for employees to deal with diversity of spoken language. Moreover, determining shared values, knowledge and individual needs is important to create opportunities for future alliances. This can be achieved by following a social program similar to social initiation process of Renault-Nissan. Zaara Culpan. R, (2002) Global business alliances: theory and practice, Greenwood Publishing Group: United State America Pooley. J, (2005) The model alliance of Renault and Nissan: How to work successfully with overseas partners, Emerald Group Publishing Limited: Emerald Group Publishing Limited http://www.emeraldinsight.com/Insight/viewContentItem.do?contentType=ArticlehdAction=lnkpdfcontentId=1463638 Reference: Anu Kale, P., Dyer, J. Singh, H. (2001) Value Creation and Success in Strategic Alliances: Alliancing Skills and the Role of Alliance Structure and Systems. European Management Journal [Online], 19(5): 463 471. Smith, K. (2008) The relations between transactional characteristics, trust and risk in the start-up phase of a collaborative alliance. Management Accounting Research [Online], 19: 344 364. Deresky, H. (2007) International Management: Managing Across Borders and Cultures (6th Edition). New Jersey.Prentice Hall. pp. 312 319 Reference sophia Okamura, A. (2005). Beyond the Keiretsu. Article retrieved on November 2nd, 2006, from http://www.utofieldguide.com/articles/article_print1.cfm Ghosn, C. (2002). Saving the Business Without Losing the Company. Harvard Business Review. References marios: Bartlett C., Ghoshal S., Bearmish P., (2008), Transnational Management: Text, cases, and readings in Cross-Border Management, Fifth edition, New York, McGraw-Hill International Edition. Douin G., (5th April, 2002), Behind the scenes of the Renault-Nissan alliance, l Ecole de Paris, p.1-10. Morosini P., (Dec, 2004), Nurturing Successful Alliances Across Boundaries: Lessons from the Renault Nissan Case.

A Pharmacist :: essays research papers

A Pharmacist Being a pharmacist is much harder than what you probably thought it was. Pharmacists in a hospital have many, many responsibilities. They must be very careful that they have measured the medication correctly, because one little mistake can be potentially fatal. Pharmacists must know what many of the medications do, and if there are any side effects and incompatibilities with other medications the patient might be on. For example, a person might be taking a medication for another problem, and if the physician and pharmacist don't notice that condition, the prescribed medication might cause a deadly interaction. This does not happen with all drugs, but it happens with a few, and you certainly don't want a result like that. The pharmacist must also make sure that the patient does not have any allergies against that type of medication. Pharmacists should also know generic brands of medication that might save the patient's money. They must know any differences between the brand name and the generic name, such as drug interactions, side effects, and how it should be taken. Some responsibilities of the pharmacist include making intravenous solutions and operating the TPN, which takes intravenous solutions and adds vitamins such as amino acids. They also refill storage bins in the Emergency Room, where doctors can get them if a patient needs them immediately. Charles Rudolph Walgreen Sr. Is the founder of Walgreens. When he was twenty, he borrowed twenty dollars, and moved from Dixon, Illinois to Chicago. Throughout pharmacy school, he worked for pharmacies in the day and went to school at night. When the United States went to War with Spain in 1898, Walgreen was enlisted as a private. There were many diseases in Cuba, and Walgreen fell sick. The doctor was so sure that Walgreen was going to die, that he put Walgreen's name on the casualty list, and newspapers told of his death! When Walgreen returned from the war, he worked as a pharmacist for a man by the name of Isaac W. Blood. He later bought out Blood's pharmacy. Customer service was very important to Walgreen. Often, he would answer the phone himself, then tell the delivery boy what the prescription was and where to deliver it. He would converse with the customer, so that usually the prescription would come before the customer had hung up the phone. In 1909, he purchased one of the busiest pharmacies in Chicago with a partner,

A Environmental Issue Website :: Internet Website Analysis Environment Essays

A Environmental Issue Website Environmental issues are a large concern in this day. So, I am here to tell you about a website that is geared to informing its readers about the environment in which we live in and why it is important. I am here to enlighten you about this website and ones associated to it, because I personally feel as if the environment is not an issue that people worry and think about quite as often as they should. I am hoping by informing my audience about this site, it will allow the reader to get more involved with the environment and topics which involve our environment. According to Envirolink, one of the most important stories right now is as follows: â€Å"The largest ice shelf in the Arctic, a solid feature for 3,000 years, has broken up, scientists in the United States and Canada said on Monday. Local warming of the climate is to blame, they said -- adding that they did not have the evidence needed to link the melting ice to the steady, planet-wide climate change known as global warming. Climate change has affected ocean temperature, salinity and flow patterns, which also influence the break-up of ice shelves in the Antarctic. "It's not just as simple as it gets x degrees warmer and the ice melts this much," Mueller said. Warmer temperatures weaken the ice, leaving it vulnerable to changed currents and other forces. This is due to the climate change, and if you are interested and want to read more go the Envirolink.† (Envirolink site) If you are interested and want to read more continue reading. You will find important information about Envirolink, and other similar websites such as Institute for Global Communications, and Wild North West. EnviroLink is a non-profit organization and is an online community that unites hundreds of organizations in more than 150 countries and volunteers around the world with millions of people. It is dedicated to providing easy to understand, up-to-date environmental information and news. At EnviroLink, they are committed to promoting a sustainable society by connecting individuals and organizations through communications technologies. They offer their technologies as tools, and solutions to our ecological challenges which lie within their connection to the Earth itself.

International Relation Essay

The writing of Nicholas Kristof offers an objective and practical insight into one of the lease understood and one of the most ignored regions in world-Africa. Unlike many arm chair theorists, Kristof has personally made a number of detours of Africa, especially its violence torn regions, notably Darfur in Sudan, Congo, Somalia and Liberia, seen the devastation wrecked by years of conflict, met the victims, listened their tales, and took their stories to international audience. However, unlike many reporters, Kristof’s stories do not end with the tales of the victims, but they involve readers by raising the question of individual actions on readers’ part. The images and narrations that subtly form the watermark of Kristof’s canvas continue to remind readers that while governments across the world would try to approach the problem from political consideration, the human crisis and tragedy unfolding in African regions also necessitates participation by international citizens. In several of this blogs Kristof makes it clear that participation doesn’t imply people taking the first flight to Africa-it’s about creating a sense of solidarity and unity about the cause, creating a notion of identification, and inspiring people with the idea that something should be done. Action, Kristof maintains, comes quite later; and even when it comes, it may not be the direct action. However, once people reach a collective level of thought and idea, they are better positioned to create the platform for the action. Kristof brings out the daily landscape of war ravished African towns, uprooted people, and broken societies and culture simply, but very realistically and powerfully. His writing is not about convincing people of what he has seen or experienced, but rather of allowing them to experience his experiences. Gradually, building a continuous series of small insights, events, narrations, stories, Kristof takes readers to the depth of his observation, and the Africa, which most of his readers have only seen in images, movies and news, assumes a living shape, speaking to the readers through its people whom Kristof meets and interviews. The vagueness lifts and we see real people living through some of the most difficult situations imaginable, and yet maintaining the semblance of life, order, and ordinary hope in their endeavor to construct as stable a future as the circumstances allow them. Through Kristof work we also get a taste of what developed nations are doing or pretending to do in Sudan, Congo, Somalia, Chad, and various other countries that are locked in vicious conflict. As it appears the network and coordination among global organizations, particularly UN and individuals appears to be more effectual that aid programs and campaigns run by European and American governments. The amount of aid and help, although promised in hundreds of millions of dollars and Euros, hardly make to the people who would need it most. And yet, life moves on in Africa. And it is this depiction of movement, constant change, and readiness to accept even the most challenging circumstances, upheavals and uncertainties and assimilate them as a daily part of life and move ahead, that makes Kristof’s work on Africa significant and vital from every social and political aspect. Africa For a very considerable time Africa had been called the ‘Dark Continent’. This term, if analyzed closely, is not a reflection upon Africa, but upon the rest of the world, who could not, or rather did not peer into a whole and huge continent. Thus when the world called Africa as Dark continent, it was admittance of their own ignorance and lack of knowledge about the place, that in all probability was the origin of humankind. Africa consist of 53 independent countries today, and numerous tribes, ethnic communities and cultures, which are spread from the extent of Sahara desert to the deep recess of equatorial rain forests. By western standards, Africa is not developed and advanced, which is surprising considering the fact that for a larger part of previous couple of centuries, a considerable portion of Africa was colonized by various European powers. Today our understanding of Africa has widened considerably, thanks to dedicated explorers, researchers, aid and charity workers, and of course media. However, if we try to put this understanding in different compartments of knowledge, the images and visions making up the almost the entire picture constitute of a poverty-stricken, war ravished, famished, diseased, illiterate, and generally suffering population which is looking towards rest of the world for help and aid. Indeed these images are not doctored and they do represent the reality that they want to convey; however, it is vital to understand that real as they are, the images, videos and clips that we see on news channels, books and books form only a part of the vast reality of Africa. The northern provinces of Africa exhibit cultural influence of both Asia and Europe, with their geographical proximity to both these continents. Countries situated near the equator have a rich blend of tribal and semi urban cultural influence. Within previous 50 years, many of the countries have made remarkable progress, such as Cameroon, Ghana, Zimbabwe, Egypt, South Africa, and Uganda among many others. However, there is a the bitter reality of intense regional conflict, tribal clashes and war that has deeply afflicted several major countries of Africa, the notable among them being Congo, Sudan, Somalia, Liberia, and Chad. Decades of conflict in these regions have claimed millions of lives, and created an international humanitarian crisis of a magnitude that is often compared to the crisis of Jews during the Second World War. Unfortunately the international knowledge, understanding, and appreciation of Africa and its people is extremely limited and dependent upon only the eye catching events that occur there. In the recent decades, much of the Africa has been projected from suffering through political stability, collapse of the law and order, war, famine, and tribal conflict. These images and stories persuade people to drop Africa from their travel itinerary; Africa is never considered in the same way as Europe, Australia or Asia Pacific countries are considered.