Review Of Herman And Chomsky Essay Example for Free

Review Of Herman And Chomsky EssayThe Manufacturing hold of media operations written and applied by Edward Herman and Noam Chomsky say that elect mass media be united and interlocked with other institutional sectors in ownership, management and social circles. In antiauthoritarian societies mass media plays an important role. They respond to populace concerns and create aw atomic number 18ness to the extract policies important events and view points.The fundamental principles of republic depend upon the notion of a reasonably informed electorate that reflects public opinion and respond to public concerns Media is an integral give out of the association, media need not be obtainled or set to a pattern they work united with other sectors. (European Journal of discourse 2002, pg.147).Herman and Chomskys propaganda representative has been named as conspiracy theory because of its determined view of media behavior, according to them mass media be instruments of power tha t mobilize support for special interests that dominate the state and private action mechanism and mass media acts in unison with other sectors, i.e. the academy, to establish, enforce, reinforce and police corporate hegemony. (European Journal of Communication 2002, pg148) . Herman and Chomsky reject the conspiracy label however the Manufacturing Consents emphasis is on motives of media behavior, in relation to institutional controls.(Herman and Chomsky 1988,pg 1-35).The model assumes that media designs should be explained in structural terms. According to Herman and Chomsky there are five major filtering mechanisms which building the word content. The authors admit that propaganda model cigaretnot give every detail of such a complex matter as the working of the national mass media, the model does not assume that news reporters, editors and other workers are instructed or typically compelled to omit some voices and emphasize others, the model outlines circumstances under which m edia will be comparatively open or tight fittingd.As micro-analysis is not the task of the Propaganda mannikin, it only provides an overview of the system at work, making sense out of a confound picture by removing the main principles of the system, the basic argument in this place setting is that meanings are easily filtered by restrictions that are made in the system. The authors argue that meanings are formed at odd levels, as the decisions are understood to be natural and sensible, however the authors do not imply that newsroom workers always make decisions to ordinate themselves with the interests of the ascendant elects.(Rai,1995pg46)Herman and Chomsky write that all news material goes through five inter related filter restrictions. Leaving only cleansed residue fit to be printed.(Herman and Chomsky1988pg 3-14). The five filter elements are (1) the size, concentrated ownership, owners wealth, and profit orientation of the predominant mass-media (2) advertising as the primary income source of the mass media. (3) the opinion of the media on information provided by government, business, and experts funded and approved by the primary sources and agents of power. (Martin and Knight 1997,pg 253-254). (4) Opposition as means of disciplining the media (5) anti-communism as a national religion and control mechanism.(Herman ,cited in Wintonick and Achbar,1994pg108).The first-class honours degree filter restriction emphasizes that media are closely interlinked and share plebeian interests with other dominant sectors as corporations, the state, and banks. The dominant media sectors are largish firms with large businesses they are controlled by very wealthy people or by their managers who are subject to sharp restrictions by the owners. The second filter emphasizes that the news proceeds process is highly influenced by advertising values , well-nigh media must sell markets(readers) to buyers(advertisers).This dependency can at one time influence media performance, Chomsky remarks that media content reflects the interests of the sellers, the buyers, and the product .Herman contends that the application of the first and second filters of the propaganda model has greatly influenced the economy the communications industries, and politics went through dramatic changes the two filters ,ownership and advertising have become even more important. The troika filter is the news gathering process, the dominant elite provide press releases, copies of speeches, periodicals, photos, and thus government and corporate sources are attractive to media only for economic reasons. The third filter stresses that the opinions by corporate and state sources are adapted to class interest and market force.Herman and Chomsky stress that the nature of the mutual relationship between media and sources directly affect the media performance. The powerful can use personal relationships, threats, rewards, to influence media. The media under obligations may carry untrue stories in order not to offend their close relationship with the sources. The quaternth filter, flak, means the state the dominant social institution which has power and resources to force the media to play a propagandistic role in societyHerman and Chomsky explain that flak refers to negative responses to media statement, it may involve individuals or independent action, and the authors contend that preferred meanings are structured by dominating official sources, in this way news may be skewed in the desired direction. The fifth filter, the anti-communism has been replaced by otherness Its the idea of scaring people, creating fear, hatred, and discontent aroused by social and economic conditions, to prevent them from realizing to what is really happening to them.(Chomsky 1998 pg48).The authors maintain that media shapes public opinion by controlling how ideas are presented the five filters curb the flow of the news as it passes through its gates and can easily limit what can be big news.Herman and Chomsky state that these five filter constraints are the essentials of propaganda model, the members of the power elite try to shape the beliefs and attitudes and opinions of the people through the media, free and open discussions are part of the process but leaders utilize deceit and violence to fighting individuals and institutions as the public does not agree with the opinion of the power elite. The world politics has seen radical changes since the demise of communism in the former Soviet inwardness as mentioned in the Manufacturing Consent.The fifth filter is termed the dominant ideology through out this book, however, anti communism has been emphasized as the ideological elements that are most important in terms of discipline and control mechanisms. The Manufacturing Consent, gives a vague description of the fifth filter its ideology helps to mobilize people against an enemy it can be used against any policies that threaten property interests or sup port the communist states and radicalism, the model presumes that media performance is understood as the outcome of market forces, the dominant media are deeply and firmly imbedded in the market system, the main information sources ,the media depends on are the government and major business firms.Herman and Chomsky view media as dominant ideological apparatus same as mentioned in the thesis by William Domhoff in his book ,The Powers That Be Processes of Ruling Class Domination in America. (Domhoff 1979,pg 169). Domhoff contends that the four basic processes through which the ruling class rules are (1)the special interest process(2)policy formation process(3)candidate selection and(4)the ideological process, the Herman and Chomskys theory is the mirror of Domhoffs theory of ideological apparatus for dominant elites.(Domhoff1979,179-183).The Canadian sociologist Wallace Clement writes about the ruling class of Canada, he states through observation that the ruling elite have remained c onsistent over the past century. The institutional links within Canada are at elite level, ownership of capital is highly concentrated.(Canadian Corporate elite1975). Another Canadian sociologist Patricia Marchak (1988pg122),stresses that the main question is under what conditions the state would be obliged to act only with reference to the interests of the capital. When such conditions are obtained universally, and when they do, the validity of Propaganda Model is likely to increase.(Patricia Marchak1988,pg34).Herman and Chomsky do not claim that media acts only to circulate propaganda. The Propaganda Model describes the forces that cause the mass media to play a propaganda role they also argue that media not only serve the political and economic interests of dominant elite but also of the state. The authors admit that the propaganda model does not explain everything in every context it deals with the patterns of media behavior and performance. The elite media decides what topics, issues, and events that are to be considered news worthy by the lower-tier media and establish the general discourse, they determine, they select, they shape, they control, they restrict in order to serve the dominant elite groups in the society.This system is at odds with reality as the powerful are able to decide what the general public is allowed to see, hear, think and create public opinion by regular control. Individual powerlessness grows in the face of globalizing market support organizations as the labor unions are weakened .In the final pages of Manufacturing Consent Herman and Chomsky acknowledge that the system is not all powerful, the domination of media by government and the elite have not overcome Vietnam syndrome and public hostility to direct US involvement in destabilization and over throw of foreign governments. Herman and Chomsky took the phrase manufacturing consent from the influential American journalist Walter Lippman who advocated consent engineering.He said common good should be managed by small specialized class. The creation of consent is not a new art, it was supposed to have died out with the birth of democracy but it is very much alive, it is now based on analysis rather than on rule of thumb. The engineering of consent is the essence of democratic process, (Bernays 1947, cited in Wintonick and Achbar, 1994 pg41). the freedom of speech, press, petition, and assembly the freedoms to make the engineering of consent possible are the most cherished guarantees of the Constitution of the United States.(Lippman, cited inRai,1995pg23). John Jay was the first chief judge of the Supreme Court he said those who own the country ought to govern it in other words it is necessary to ensure that those who own the country are happy or else all will suffer, for they control investment and determine what is produced and distributed and what benefits will trickle down to those who rent themselves to the owners when they can.The propaganda model con tends that media content is organized to build consent and to prevent opposition media content serves political ends the media makes choices that establish and define worthy and unworthy causes. The news coverage devoted to government(state)policy in general(foreign and domestic) by the elite to generate audience interest and sympathy in some stories while directing attention away from other stories Media take close interest in the Third World and their interconnections with the government.(Herman and Chomsky,1988pg13-14).The authors write that media treats victims of oppression and state terrorism differently, depending on the perpetrators. The unworthy victims (victims of oppression and /or state terrorism perpetrated by us (Canada, the US and the other capitalist democracies), and worthy victims (victims of oppression and/or state terrorism perpetrated by official enemy states).Different treatment is observed in sourcing and evaluating stories, full devolve investigation in sea rch of villain and of high officials, to humane treatment more prominent coverage.In case of unworthy victims of enemy crimes, allegations are manifestly invented they have to rely on official US. sources unless they prove it wrong in which case they are avoided(Cambodia under Pol Pot is a case in point).It predicts that the victims of state terrorism/violence that is perpetuated by the democracies or client states will be given treatment that can be seen to serve political ends (Chomsky, 1988 pg34). The writers as moral agents are trying to bring the truth about matters of human significance to an audience that can do something about them.My personal view is that citizens of democratic societies should take a definite course of self- defense to protect their rights with the help of radio and television, advertising and public relations to safe guard their rights from being manipulated. The freelancer mind must be allowed to develop and grow in a free society it is a difficult tas k as in nows free society, consent is manipulation of public opinion. I do agree with the writers, in my view the young minds should separate themselves from the official manipulative system. indeed the writers are invested with a moral responsibility to tell the truth, it is a very difficult task to perform today even in our free society. whole shebang CitedClement, W. (1975) Canadian Corporate Elite Analysis of Economic Power. TorontoMcClelland and Stewart.Domhoff, William G. (1979) The Powers That Be Processes of Ruling ClassDomination in America. New York Vintage Books.European Journal of Communication (2002) SAGE Publications(London, Thousand Oaks, CA and New Delhi), Vol 17(2) 147182.02673231(200206)172 147182 023691Martin, Michele with Graham Knight (1997) Communication and Mass MediaCulture, Domination and Opposition. Toronto Prentice-Hall.Wintonick, Peter and Mark Achbar (1994) Manufacturing Consent Noam Chomskyand the Media. Montreal Black Rose.

High blood pressure Essay Example for Free

High parenthood printing press EssaySmoking does stunt your growth which, as well as it giving high blood pressure. When someone hangs around a smoker, they are actually inhaling the smoke, which would make them a passive smoker. A passive smoker is worse than actually being a smoker because breathing the smoke from the air is worse than taking it in through your mouth as it would cause blockages in the nose. Smoking can of all time cause headaches and colds and it can as well give you very bad cough, also known as smoker cough. The thing that makes smoking so addictive is the nicotine that is inner them.They can be replaced with nicotine patches when and if decided to stop. Smoking also can affect your social life as it can cause arguments and it can also mean sometimes it would mean you would be left alone outside smoking away while all your friends are inside as they dont smoke. Also the overleap of money from smoking is becoming more and more as they are increasing the prices of the cigarettes as the government are tying to prevent people to smoke, and so by you wasting your money on small cancer sticks is pointless.Smoking can also leads to drugs, because it first arrives with smoking cigarettes and then it would go further and start smoking drugs. This can completely change the individuals life around. Smoking also affects the eyesight of the individual from the conclusions that they would convey to start wearing glasses. Smoking can also be the main causes of strokes, someone collapsing and some to become paralysis. Asthma is the biggest problem when it comes to smoking because smoking damages the lungs and a person who has asthma would already have a bad set of lungs.And so when someone is smoking around them, it could make it even worse and allow them to have a fatal attack. entirely of this start of somewhere and it is usually when the individual is a teenager because they would want to just try it. And then they would not be able to con trol themselves and stretch forth smoking for the rest of their lives. With some people smoking doesnt just happen just analogous that, they would be either forced through peer pressure or from the attitude just trying it out.Stopping smoking is not easy because it takes a lot of will power and determination because it can be extremely difficult, but the government provides a lot of help because they want the nation to become healthier. That is also another reason for the cigarettes being brought up in prices because they want to try to get people of them. There are products out there that can be brought to help you give up smoking like nicotine patches as well as little sticks that you can inhale which would make believe you that your smoking as it gives you the same feeling but you would not be inhaling any smoke which is safer for you and the people around.With some individuals, they try to stop completely all a sudden but it is them type of people that would either near likel y go back and start smoking again, or not touch another one for the rest of your life, but for people who find it seriously to stop smoking, there is help provided by the NHS and also on the internet as they would be happy to give advice.

Diagnosing Co-Morbid Substance Use Disorders (SUDs)

Diagnosing Co-Morbid Substance Use Disorders ( launder)What do the following take a crap in common inebriantic b constantlyageism, obesity, smoking, drug ab expend and compulsive gambling? Until recently, at that place were thought of as relatively independent and separate problem argonas. Psychologists, psychiatrists, amicable workers, and some opposite(a) mental health professionals stomach previously specialised in the treatment of one of these behaviours, but few had attempted to extend their therapy and research efforts to cover to a prominenter extent than one or two of these put outs. As surface as their expertise, specialists in these argonas have not worked in concert with one another, or communicated with each other about treatment and research issues. However, several changes have been induced in recent times with the concept of addictive behaviours, and this has led to possible commonalities among these awaitingly various(a) problems. thither is in additio n the increased aw atomic number 18ness that workers in each of these areas have much to learn from one another, and that there whitethorn be epoch-making and demonstrative similarities in etiology, transition and treatment.The involutioning similarity among the above mentioned problems has collectively come to be known as additive behaviours. According to Miller (1980) addictive behaviours education some strain of indulgence for short-term pleasure of satisfaction at the expense of longer-term adverse effects. The various ticker plague swages all involve signifi push asidet health jeopardys as various chronic diseases. There are enormous complaisant cost of addictive behaviours, twain in somebodyal expenditures as non-essentials and costs to the public as health care, crime control etc. The following essay aims to critically polish up DSM-IV guidelines for diagnosing co morbid affectionateness accustom deranges (SUDs), the factors that undermine definitive diagnos is of co morbid disorders, and the potential diagnostic changes that could address these issues. In particular this essay shall examine alcoholism which is one form of nubble abuse. Attempts shall also be made to investigate the types of research that would act as a support for the criteria and guidelines for diagnosing SUDs and psychosis.Substance use disorder is caused due to mind-altering drug use and may be referred to as a condition arising from the abuse of alcohol and psychoactive drugs. Alcohol and other substances layabout have varied physiological and psychological effects. Although the effects of alcohol and drug consumption may appear as desirable, prolonged and heavy usage may result in physical harm, dependency and withdrawal problems and long term psychological damage or social harm. For the diagnosis of patients with co morbid psychotic symptoms and substance use disorders (SUDs) the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 4th ed. (DSM-IV), makes clear distinctions in the midst of independent psychotic disorders (bipolar disorder, schizophrenia) and substance-induced syndromes (delirium, dementia etc.). Most substance-induced psychotic symptoms are reached to be short lived and that it subsides with sustained abstinence along with other symptoms of substance intoxication and withdrawal. One of the most frequent situations in psychiatric diagnosis are challenges posed by patients who experience the onset of psychotic symptoms during episodes of current or recent psychoactive substance use (Rosenthal Miner, 1997). All major categories of non-organic psychotic disorders in DSM-IV have an exclusion criterion for symptoms that are not caused due to the direct physiological effects of a substance.For patients with SUDs, psychotic disorders can be diagnosed as each independent or having one of the many substance-induced mental disorders. Psychosis forms a feature of this categorisation. When changes occur relating to the pharma cological effects of different categories of substances, the symptoms include acute intoxication, intoxication delirium, withdrawal, substance-induced psychotic disorder with hallucinations etc (caused due to the use of substances such as, alcohol, stimulants etc.). The only exception is for alcohol-induced pathological dementia. All other substance-induced psychotic mental disorders are considered as time restrain (Rounsaville, 2007). Alcohol dependence syndrome according to DSM-IV (APA,1994), is characterised by the presence of three or more of the following symptoms a strong compulsion to drink difficulty in controlling either the onset or termination of drinking or the levels of alcohol use a physiological withdrawal state on the halt of alcohol consumption or the use of alcohol to avoid withdrawal symptoms increasing tolerance to alcohol (i.e. the need to consume larger quantities of alcohol to touch a similar effect as produced originally from smaller amounts) digressive n eglect of other interests and persisting use of alcohol despite awareness of the calumnious effects from consumption.Alcohol-related psychosis is a secondary psychosis with hallucinations occurring as the predominating feature in many alcohol-related conditions. These include but are not limited to acute intoxication withdrawal, after(prenominal) a major decrease in alcohol consumption, and alcohol idiosyncratic intoxication. According to Larson (2008), alcohol is a neurotoxin that affects the brain in a mingled manner through prolonged exposure and repeated withdrawal. This results in significant unwholesomeness and mortality. Larson further postulates that, alcohol-related psychosis is often an indication of chronic alcoholism. As such, it is associated with medical, neurological, and psychosocial complications. The discontinuation of alcohol rapidly clears alcohol-related psychosis but may continue on later alcohol related exposure. Although distinguishing alcohol-related ps ychosis from schizophrenia through clinical presentation often is difficult, the ecumenic consensus is that alcohol-related psychosis suspends with abstinence, unlike schizophrenia. Larson (2008) has also noted that, alcohol-related psychosis lacks the in-depth research needed to understand its pathophysiology, demographics, characteristics, and treatment when compared to alcoholism.According to Rassool (2006) psychoactive drugs are substances which have an effect on the central nervous, as they diversify mood, cognitive processes and behaviour. Rassool (2006), states that, the uses of psychoactive drugs are considered illegitimate depending on the social customs and laws of different cultures and societies. In most societies, no adjustments are made in the interest of the use and ill-usage of tranquilisers, heroine, volatile substances, and stimulants such as amphetamines and cocaine. Legal drugs such as alcohol, caffeine and nicotine are used as a social lubricant and as self -medication, as a means to relieve tensions and anxieties of everyday life. They are also used as a mechanism to ease social intercourse. He further agues that, although there is an increased risk of morbidity and m oral examinationity, alcohol is actively encouraged and socially reinforced in some societies. There have also been observations that consumption levels are on the rise in most countries and hence, statistics have been obtained for the UK to demonstrate this fact below.According to the NHS Information Centre (2009), an estimated 863,000 alcohol related entry in hospital in 2007/08. This is an increase of 69% since 2002/03 when the alcohol related admission was at 510,200. The statistics bulletin further states that, in England in 2007, the number of individuals who were on prescription items for the treatment of alcohol dependency were 134,429. These were prescriptions that were dispensed in primary care settings or NHS hospitals and those dispensed in the community. Th is shows a marked difference since 2003 when there were 102,741 prescription items (an increase by 31%). Further findings from the bulletin indicate that, there were 6,541 terminals in England in 2007, and these were directly related to alcohol (an increase by 19% since 2001). Of these alcohol related deaths, majority of the individuals died from pelter liver disease (estimate of 4,249). Alcohol misuse related harm is estimated to cost the NHS in England approx. 2.7 billion in 2006/07.As an attempt to ensure a moderately even account of the statistics on alcohol misuse in UK, the Audit Scotland report has been reviewed and provides further usher of Scotlands growing problem with drug and alcohol misuse. The Audit Scotland (2009) report presents that Scotland has a higher level of drug and alcohol misuse compared to the rest of the UK. According to the report, the levels of alcohol dependency are three times higher than that of England. The report states that estimating the size o f Scotlands alcohol problem is not accurate due to lack of national info and under-reporting of consumption. Based from findings from the Office of National Statistics (2002), an estimated 4.9% of the population in Scotland aged 16 and over are dependant of alcohol. The higher prevalence of alcohol dependency is Scotland has been argued to be found due to high rates of alcohol dependency in Scottish women. There were 42,430 discharges from acute universal hospitals with an alcohol-related diagnosis in 2007/08. When compared to statistics from the past fin historic period, there has been an increase by 5% in discharge rates (Alcohol Statistics Scotland, 2008).In Scotland, 11% of all accident and emergency attendances are considered to be as a result of alcohol. The busiest time of alcohol-related attendances are recorded as Friday night of Saturday morning ranging among midnight and four in the morning (NHS Quality Improvement Scotland, 2006). Scotland has the highest alcohol-re lated death rate in the UK with 1,399 alcohol-related deaths in 2007. This is a 75% increase over ten years and over 100% increase over fifteen years (General Register Office for Scotland, 2009). A report from Strathclyde Police in 2007 showed that between April 2006 and March 2007, two-thirds of those in custody at three Glasgow police stations were for cerise offending under the influence of alcohol.The reasons for highlighting the statistics on alcohol misuse in UK as well detailed statistics from Scotland is not just to emphasise the ever growing alcohol and drug consumption in the country, but also to understand the common co-occurring psychiatric disorders related with the misuse of these substances. The recent recognition of this co morbidity can be attributed to a number of reasons. Abou-Saleh Janac (2004), state that, the development of drug abuse services was separate from that of the development of general psychiatric services, with bantam interference between them. Fu rthermore, the move from hospitals to community care of individuals with severe mental disorders has exposed these individuals to the risk of developing alcohol and drug problems, thereby merely increase their psychopathology and disability. There is also the high risk of self-harm not just to individuals who are within general psychiatric services, but also those with severe constitution disorders within addiction services.A number of etiological models for co morbidity have been introduced in research. These include common factor models, secondary substance misuse models, and secondary psychiatric illness models (Mueser, Bellack Blanchard, 1998). According to Mueser et al (1998), the common factors models include common genetic factors and unsociable reputation disorder. However, Abou-Saleh Janac (2004) argue that studies have not support the existence of a common genetic factor in the causation of substance misuse and psychiatric disorders. At the same time, the presence of antisocial character disorder was shown to be a common factor in substance misuse. They further go on to argue that, patients with sever mental illness and antisocial personality disorder are morel likely to have substance misuse than those with no antisocial personality disorder. Adversity in childhood can seem omnipresent in patients with alcohol misuse who are co morbid with psychiatric conditions. A study conducted by Langeland, Dralijer Van der Brink (2004), found that childhood detrimental influences such as early loss of a parent, witnessing domestic violence and parental alcoholism, exemplified as variations in types of co morbid psychiatric disorders in men with alcohol dependence. A further study by Mueser et al (2000), in a cohort study involving 325 patients with co morbid psychiatric disorder and substance misuse distinguished the predictors of co morbidity as male, young age, lacking education, involved in criminal activity, conduct disorder, and antisocial perso nality disorder. supplemental substance misuse models include those of self-medication, alleviation of depression, and super sensitivity. Abou-Saleh Janac (2004), further state that the self-medication model depict psychiatric patients as using specialised substances to alleviate specific symptoms. However, this argument has not been supported and psychiatric patients who use alcohol or drugs have worse outcomes. As depression can be associated with a general proneness to addiction and not the use of a specific substance, the alleviation of depression model is more acceptable. According to the super sensitivity model, patients with severe mental illnesses react in a highly sensitive manner to low doses of alcohol and drugs, in particular amphetamines leading to a hasty relapse in the individuals illness. The secondary psychiatric illness model alcohol and drug use disorders are viewed as causing the co morbid mental disorder (Abou-Saleh Janac, 2004). An evoke note about the abov e stated models is that, causality is one-directional. In clinical practice, substance abuse may form both a cause and a consequence of another mental disorder. A mental disorder at the same time may be both a cause and a consequence of substance abuse, thereby creating a vicious circle. In individual cases, multiple pathways of association between substance abuse and other mental disorders may act simultaneously in both directions.A review of certain factors (bio physiological and genetic, socio cultural and psychodynamic) as well as a detailed review of other models (social learning and behavioural) which all put together befriends formulate what is known and thought about why human beings come to abuse themselves by abusing alcohol. When crosscurrent apart, each model apologizes a part of every abusers problem, together they provide a comprehensive etiological perspective. According to Miller (1980), one of the most unrepentant theories of the bio physiological model of alcoh olism is that alcoholics and non-alcoholics differ in the rate at which they metabolise alcohol. Identifying such a difference would suggest that the etiological factor resides in the rate-limiting mechanisms involved in the metabolism of ethanol. However, no metabolic studies of alcoholism indicate the existence of such a rate difference (given that the alcohol consumption is unploughed constant) (Mello Mendelson, 1978). Charles Lieber, claims that alcoholics have two metabolic routes by which they break down alcohol while non-alcoholics have one (Korsten Lieber, 1979). According to this theory, alcoholics metabolise alcohol differently from non-alcoholics and hence gain the capacity to consume larger amounts of alcohol for longer periods of time than non-alcoholics. Even if such proof were available, there still lie the important roles of environmental, behavioural and socio-cultural factors in alcoholism.Numerous studies have been carried out, suggesting that alcoholism runs in families (Goodwin, 1979). Evidence that genetic factors play an important role in the development of alcoholism has been derived from twin studies, family studies, bridal studies, observations of ethnic differences, and studies of biological risk factors (Goodwin 1979, 1985). Studies of monozygotic (identical) and dizygotic (fraternal) twins generally suggest that there is some degree of heritability in the frequency and quantity of alcohol consumed (Schuckit 1987). Monozygotic twin pairs also tend to show a significantly higher level of concordance compared with dizygotic twin pairs (Schuckit 1987 Agarwal and Goedde 1990). Family studies indicate that approximately 40% of alcoholics have an alcoholic parent (Institute of Medicine 1987), and that the alcoholism rate is significantly higher in relatives of alcoholics than in relatives of non alcoholics (Cotton, 1979 Guze et al, 1986). Alcoholics with a family history of alcoholism tend to let drinking preceding in life. They al so tend to have more alcohol-related problems than those alcoholics without a family history of alcoholism (Cloninger et al. 1981). These data, taken together, suggest that there may well be a genetic component to alcoholism, though its extent and influence of inheritance is not a simple one, as both genetic and environmental factors may be involved (McNeece DiNitto, 2005). The pharmacology and physiology of physical dependence and tolerance to the drugs of abuse continue to be explored, but this model alone cannot adequately lay out alcoholism.As mentioned earlier, cultural patterns have a profound impact on drinking and rates of alcoholism. Miller (1980), states that although cultural influences can predispose a person to alcoholism, social variables play a major role in translating that predisposition to actual addiction. He further states that cultural influences can operate to maintain alcoholic drinking. For e.g. peer pressure, has a powerful influence on the development of deviant drinking among adolescents (Jessor Jessor, 1975). Social historians have argued that the pervasiveness of social setting-related influences on persons to drink heavily (Zinberg Fraser, 1979).Psychoanalysts explain alcoholism in several ways. Alcoholism is seen by some psychoanalysts as fundamentally suicidal, trying to destroy bad, depriving mothers with whom the person has identified with. Others claim that alcoholics are delineate themselves against underlying depression by drinking to oblivion (Williams, 1976). Critics of the psychoanalytic approach to alcoholism, argue that there is no empirical data to support these hypotheses. They also argue that psychoanalysis does not help alcoholics who seek treatment (Schuckit Haglund, 1977). Dynamic theories of drug addiction, describe the addict as a person whose habit represents a fall to the oral stage of psychosexual development. As such, dependency needs being paramount, the addict is frustrated with their inability to derive satisfaction of these needs. Inability to meet their oral dependency needs in more appropriate ways, leads the addicts to use drugs or alcohol to obtain gratification. Although the mazy psychoanalytic theory has been simplified to a great extent, it has relatively little impact on the prevailing views of aetiology and treatment.The cognitive behavioural approach views any type of psychopathology as a dysfunctional learning process. As such, the central goal of cognitive behavioural approaches is to design techniques through which maladaptive responses can be disentangled and replaced with adaptive responses. The first behavioural explanation for alcoholism was that of tension-reduction. Tension-reduction is found on the hypothesis that, alcohol appears to reduce apprehension. Hence, alcohol is presumed to reinforce drinking by alcoholics. Empirical support for the theory came from earlier studies of experimentally-induced conflict in animals (Conger, 1951, 1956 Masserman Yum, 1946). However, tension reduction has not received universal support (Cappell Herman, 1972 Brown Crowell, 1974).The behavioural effects of alcohol involve a complex interaction of factors. The expectations an individual holds about alcohol effects their behaviour (Pliner Cappell, 1974). Expectancies themselves are complex because it is based on belief systems, prior drinking experiences, the immediate social and physical setting of drinking, dosage levels etc. Such complexity suggests that the potential reinforcing capabilities of alcohol remain uncertain. The social learning model views alcohol and drug abuse as socially acquired, learned behaviour patters that are maintained by numerous anticipatory causes (classical conditioning) and consequent reinforces (operant conditioning). The causes and reinforces may be of a psychological, sociological or physiological nature (Miller Eisler, 1975).The relationship between SUDs and psychiatric disorders pose commonplace diagnosti c challenges for both clinicians in treatment settings and researchers in community settings. This is because both SUDs and psychiatric disorders are intermeshed with resemblance of intoxication and withdrawal effects to the symptoms of psychiatric disorders in most patients who come for treatment. Research findings suggests that there are high rates of SUDs amongst individuals with schizophrenia (Regier et al 1990), and even higher rates were reported among samples with first episode psychosis (FEP) (Sevy et al, 2001 Kavanagh et al, 2004 Wade et al, 2004). Addressing co morbidity is clinically relevant because SUD in schizophrenic patients is associated with poorer clinical outcomes (Swofford et al, 1996) and contributes significantly to their morbidity and morality (Rosen et la, 2008). The reasons for high co morbidity between SUD and schizophrenia although poorly understood, are considered to be an involvement of brain pathways and is likely to be a shared feature in co morbidit y that is common to all drugs of abuse (Volkow et al, 2007). The co morbidity of SUD and schizophrenia could also be a direct consequence of the underlying neuropathology of schizophrenia. This may contribute to enhanced addiction vulnerability in individuals by disrupting the queasy substrates that mediate positive reinforcement (Chambers, Krystal Self, 2001).The challenge has been to design measures to differentiate three conditions. Firstly, differentiating between expected intoxication and withdrawal symptoms secondly, being able to distinguish between psychiatric disorders occurring during periods of active substance use. The third measure includes being able to differentiate between psychiatric disorders that are clearly independent from substance use. forward to the publication of DSM-Iv, there existed no specific criteria for making these differentiations in substance abusers. This gave rise to a number of reliability and validity problems, including low levels of agreeme nt between study groups, even when the same measures were used (Hasin, Samet, Nunes, Meydan, Matseoane Waxman, 2006). Eventually, DSM-IV clarified the guidelines to a considerable extent for differentiating independent and substance-induced disorders. According to DSM-IV, if a psychiatric episode occurs when substance use is insufficient to produce persistent intoxication or withdrawal, it would be diagnosed as primary (independent). Subsequently, substance-induced psychiatric disorders are defined as those that occur during periods of heavy substance use (or remitting shortly thereafter) and that have symptoms that exceed the expected effects of intoxication or withdrawal listed in DSM-IV. Hasin et al (2006), also argue that no study has yet addressed the reliability of the DSM-IV system of differentiating between intoxication/withdrawal symptoms. Disorders whose symptoms exceed intoxication/withdrawal effects and psychiatric disorders that is temporally independent from periods o f substance use.In order to create a diagnostic instrument that was reliable and valid for estimate of psychiatric disorders in substance abusers, the Psychiatric Research discourse for Substance and Mental Disorders (PRISM) was developed (Hasin, Trautman, Miele, Samet, Smith Endicott, 1996). The pre-DSM-IV PRISM included standardised guidelines and probes to differentiate between organic and non organic syndromes and was administered by experienced clinical interviewers. Hasin et al (1996) conducted a study involving 172 dual-diagnosis or substance abuse patients. The result showed good to excellent reliability for many diagnoses, including SUDs, primary affective disorders, eating disorders, some anxiety disorders, and psychotic symptoms.The need to incorporate the new DSM-IV criteria (including the criteria for substance-induced disorders), to shorten and simplify the interview, and to add assessment of specific psychotic disorders led to the development of the PRISM-IV (Hasin et al, 2006). The PRISM-IV is a semi structure interview. The covers the diagnosis for current and lifetime time frames. These include abuse and dependence (by substance), major depressive disorder, mania, schizophrenia, mood disorder with psychotic features, delusional disorder, brief psychotic disorder, personality disorders etc. The most fascinating feature of the PRISM-IV is that, diagnostic modules can be selected to suit specific research needs. Apart from this, substance use disorders that are petty to the research question can be omitted as well.Other than PRISM-IV and DSM-IV, there are various other assessment tools that can be used for the assessment of psychiatric disorders in substance abusers. One such tool is the International Classification of Diseases Diagnostic Criteria (ICD-10). ICD-10 provides specific criteria to differentiate between primary disorders and disorders resulting from psychoactive substance use, but only for psychotic disorders. ICD-10 excludes ps ychotic episodes attributed to psychoactive substance use from a primary classification similar to DSM-IV. Unlike DSM-IV, ICS-10 does not provide a separate psychoactive substance-related category for any other type of psychiatric disorder. In ICS-10, organic mental disorders exclude alcohol or other psychoactive substance-related disorders. Furthermore, organic mood disorders and organic delusional disorders cannot be used to diagnose episodes co-occurring with heavy psychoactive substance use (Torrens, Matrin-Santos Samet, 2006).Different interviews for psychiatric diagnosis based on DSM-IV or ICD-10 criteria are available for clinical and research studies. These include Structured Clinical Interviews for Axis I disorders (SCID-I) for DSM-IV (First et al, 1997). There exists the Schedule for Clinical mind in Neuropsychiatry (SCAN) (Janca et al, 1994) and the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI) (WHO, 1998). The SCID-IV is a semi-structured interview that allows di agnosis of primary or substance-induced disorders. However, it does not provide any specific guidelines other than those stated in the criteria. The differentiation of primary and substance induced disorders is made on a syndrome level in SCID-IV (Torrens, Matrin-Santos Samet, 2006). A range of clinical phenomena can be assessed by SCAN. A core instrument of the SCAN is the Present State Examination (PSE-10). PSE ratings are coded on score sheets and based on these ratings, a computer program generates ICD-10 and DSM-IV diagnoses. The PSE is a semi-structured clinical examination. The interviewer uses clinical judgment to attribute specified definitions to clinical phenomena using the SCAN Glossary. The glossary consists of a list of definitions of clinical symptoms and experiences (Torrens, Matrin-Santos Samet, 2006).Finally, the CIDI is a fully structured interview design. The interviewers read the questions as written without interpretation (Robins et al, 1988). CIDI relies hea vily on the subjects opinion for primary substance-induced differentiation. The CIDI generates ICD-10 and DSM-IV diagnoses. Symptoms attributed to alcohol, drugs, or physical illnesses are eliminated for consideration when making psychiatric diagnoses in CIDI. The method of evaluation used in CIDI is very varied in comparison to SCID-IV, SCAN or PRISM-IV. Torrens et al (2006) argues that, currently, most DSM-IV psychiatric disorders can be assessed in substance-abusing subjects with acceptable to excellent reliability and validity by specifically using the PRISM assessment tool.Having reviewed the statistics, aetiology and assessment of co morbidity in alcohol abuse, the next section is going to analyse the different treatment approaches. One of the biggest problems in the treatment of SUDs is preventing a relapse after abstinence or controlled substance use has been achieved. Whilst there is no general theory of relapse, Marlatt Gordons approach to treatment is based principles of social learning theory, and draws heavily on the concepts of self-efficacy (Bandura, 1977). The approach emphasises on the methods to enhance confidence in individuals to enable them to perform activities leading to an effective outcome. According to self-efficacy theory, individuals who possess a high self-efficacy on their ability to perform a particular task are more likely to initiate and maintain that behaviour (Wilson, 1996). Wilson (1996) argues that the self-efficacy theory has been criticised on a number of conceptual grounds including difficulty in distinguishing between response-outcome expectancies and performance self-efficacy (Lee, 1989).The Stages of change model by Prochaska DiClemente (1983), suggest four stages in the process of change. These include pre-contemplation (not thinking about cessation) contemplation action (attempting to engage in cessation) and maintenance (stopped using drug, and attempting to remain abstinent). Wilson (1996) argues that, although this model cannot be considered to be a general theory of relapse, there are opportunities different types of interventions for different individuals. He further argues that theory helps make specific and testable predictions about the matching of individuals for treatments. Other than the theoretical explanations for measure of replace in individuals with alcohol abuse, there also exists medical treatment and social treatment approaches. Detoxification is an abrupt stop of alcohol drinking coupled with the interchange of drugs that have similar effects to offset the withdrawal symptoms. Detoxification treats only the physical effects of prolonged use of alcohol, but does not actually treat alcoholism. There is a high chance of relapse without further treatment. Various forms of group therapy or psychotherapy can be used to deal with underlying psychological issues that are related to alcohol addiction, as well as providing relapse prevention skills.Miller (1980) states that when problem drinkers are treated, approximately one-third become abstinent and an additional one-third show substantial improvement without abstinence. He has based his findings from short-term studies however, data from long-term studies suggest that on average only 26% of those treated remain abstinent or improved after one year. A few other treatment strategies for alcohol addiction include disgust therapies, family therapies, controlled drinking therapies etc.To conclude, while progress is apparent in the study of substance abuse more research is needed on the commonalities and differences among the addictions. Numerous theories have been developed to help explain the causes of addiction, but it is important not to lose sight of essential differences among substances and their effects. Individuals with recurrent or severe and enduring mental illness and co morbidity with substance-misuse have complex needs. This requires the continuing care of specialist mental health services and substance-misuse services. It has been reported that around 30% of those seeking help for mental health problems have current substance misuse problems, and of individuals seeking help for substance misuse, more than half have had a mental disorder in the previous six months (Department of Health, 1998). According to Appleby (1999), individuals with substance-misuse and psychiatric disorders find it hard to engage with appropriate services. He further states that suicide is a high risk factor amongst this group.The different assessment tools that have been devised by DSM-IV for the diagnosis of co morbidity in SUDs, whether in primary or specialist care should consider how to access appropriate specialist input. Recent studies have examined the relationship

Personal Development Through Reflective Practice Personal Development Essay

Personal evolution Through Reflective Practice Personal victimisation EssayThe learning strike out was created on the first day of the flux. Members were chosen at random based on their seating position in the room and that fellow stool colleagues could not be part of every crowd. Our set therefore consisted of six strangers from different backgrounds and organisations. No direction was given about learning sets theory or practice.We met as a root over a period quaternity months. Initi exclusivelyy we struggled with making our learning set work. At eons we wanted to apply formal structures. For utilization in week 3 we tried a self evaluation exercise from a text book (Pedler, Burgoyne, Boydell, 2007).Whilst that was helpful from an individual perspective it did not fully clarify what we were meant to achieve via the set or satisfy the eagerness of some members to entrust structures in place.How eer over a period of succession the group has straight gelled and is less n egative about the concept of the learning set. We argon still not fully behaving as a set as defined by theory e.g. we dont al moods spend meter at distributively meeting to discuss specific issues, often digressing into wider debates (Revans, 1978)As a group we amaze followed the various stages of Tuckmans classic squad development model. (Alan Chapman/Businessb altogethers.com, 2010). The application of this model is shown in Appendix 1Account of Learning GainsI was initially slender of the learning set process, as like separates, I could not see where it was going beyond creation a talking shop. Nonetheless I female genital organ see now that the process has developed me ad hominemly. This is not uncommon.for those who view as persisted with the process (of action learning sets) this talk has proved to be a powerful performer of personal and business change (Clarke et al, 2006).I have learnt about my own and others learning styles. My learning style is activist/pragmat ist (Appendix 2) compargond to others in the group who were to a greater extent in the styles of reflectors/theorists and therefore wishing to apply a more rigorous approach before engaging in the process. The set has allowed me to reflect on this style and I am now more contemplative in my actions. I now consider options before acting whereas before I would almost identify the avenue to resolving a problem and determine my actions accordingly.My reflective diary shows that I have become more advised of group dynamics and how people deport in groups (appendix 3). This in turn has helped me make changes to my animal trainerial style and behaviour in situations at work.It has also made me realise that as a bus you shoot to be continually reflecting and re-acting to deal with an ever changing world. I tail assembly now see that learning grass be a mixer process and that learning is dynamic and affected by social context. Whilst we as a group have only had limited formal learni ng set time, what has really been utile is the informal time we have had as a learning set and as a cohort with other learners. In that time we have shared our experiences and learnt from each other. I have also developed friendships through this process.I am a now also more call into question and challenging of assumptions I may have held. The academic reading has helped me to do this but so too has having the opportunity to question and be questioned in a safe environment. At times this has been uncomfortable but the rigour of keeping a reflective diary has been invaluable in enabling me to see this.A Learning Set Process ReviewOne of the key issues the set struggled with was not having a facilitator or any formal input to guide us from the intrusion. This had the potential to make the set a talking shop, which in the early days it was. Some timely input was provided but as Revans stated it is by being comrades in adversity i.e. having to make sense of the learning set for our MBA that we managed to progress. (Revans, 1978). On balance I would say that having a facilitator to provide the set with a steer and maintain focus would be something I would change in future.Alternatively an introductory session on the principles of learning sets would have been helpful, though I appreciate, having been through the process, that this could potentially bias the learning that could be achieved.Bourner et al found that setting up set randomly had the potential of creating a group of group of leftovers who did not benefit from the learning set process. (Bourner Weinstein, 1996). This happened in our overall group and did influence my thinking about whether I should move sets but my overall solace with ours and what I had surmised about others clouded my own thoughts around whether I should move sets (appendix 3).We had consistent attention from members, except for one person who missed the initial sessions as well as the mining museum event. He subsequently did not return. I would argue that for the process to benefit an individual then s/he essential attend regularly so that relationships as well as confidence to question can be built up. Commitment to the process is therefore critical. metre in meetings was also a critical factor. We probably only have had a handful of set meetings where we followed our agreed structure of each member pose forward an issue for debate. As we met only once a week meetings often did not get going and on occasions the time was interpreted up with other course related activities. We should have created opportunities to meet immaterial the set or used electronic means to communicate.Having people who were outside of each others work context helped set members gain views that are in subject but also enabled members to talk frankly without fear of breaching confidentiality or work related sensitivities. This is a very powerful tool as often directors do not have access to such individuals. still that does requ ire a certain substance of trust between members. This particularly helped me with the issue I brought to the learning set (appendix 3).The process also allowed us to have some thinking time outside of normal day to day work activities, again something that conductors dont often find time to do. One hour just was not enough. I would change the time to at least one and a half hours.KEY SKILLSAbility to build sophisticated relationships with a variety of stakeholders and customers to help meet strategic organisational goals combat-ready sensationership and focus skills to lead and motivate individuals and teams to achieve targets and outcomesExcellent negotiating and problem solving skillsExcellent influencing skills with excellent interpersonal and communication skills, both oral and composeEMPLOYMENT HISTORYDevelopment ManagerChildrens Workforce Development CouncilMay 2008 presentManage a team of 3 staff over perceive England wide youth work force reform projects keep downing over 4mMember of management team for overall youth workforce reform programme with a total three year budget of 25mInterim Head of Operations, North of England/ easterly Midlands comparison and Human Rights Commission (EHRC)October 2007 April 2008Managed the setting up of four English regions for the impudently created EHRCProvided leading and direction to help each region produce strategic scoping reports mapping the equalities terrain to help inform future planningRegional turn toor, North of England and East MidlandsCommission for Racial Equality (CRE)Oct 2006 to Oct 2007Directed 4 regional offices with 13 staff based in Manchester, Leeds, Newcastle and Nottingham and ensured very proceedsive working relationships with key regional agenciesPrepared, delivered and evaluated the regional business planIntroduced and managed innovative art based projects in Merseyside, westbound Yorkshire and Middlesbrough respectively to support local take aim equality voluntary firmamentCa rried out a fundamental review of equality ne 2rks across the North of EnglandDiversity Director, North of England (secondment)AcasApril 2004 to October 2006Managed Acas equality work for the North of EnglandSpecialist diversity lead on three person Acas team that delivered collaborative working training to the United Nations in New YorkDeveloped first ever Acas/North West Development Agency Memorandum of Understanding for work on equality and diversity across the whole North West regionManaged the first ever joint Business in The Community/Acas equality conference in March 2006Conceptualised and project managed the first ever Fair Employment Zone with a budget of 200k to provide employers with support, guidance and training on equality and diversityHead of Private Sector, Commission for Racial EqualityOctober 2002 to March 2004Lead the CREs interior(a) mysterious sector team of 12 staff based in multiple locations and a budget of 600kDeveloped and managed the CREs new scheme for working with the private sectorNegotiated sponsorship of 100k from HSBC and Post Office Ltd for the CREs Guide to Small to Medium enterprisesOversaw the production of the revised CRE Statutory Code of Practice in EmploymentDirector, Equality DirectJune 2001 to September 2002Successfully set up and managed the first ever national government helpline on equality and diversity for employers.Trained, managed and supported 8 helpline advisersDrafted the Department for precept and Employments 10 point plan for employersVarious positions including Head of Regional Strategy, Head of Legal Action Team, Social Policy Officer, Employment Officer, Commission for Racial EqualityJanuary 1988 to May 2001Successfully project managed five semipublic education exhibitions attended by over 2000 individuals and employersManaged the CREs funding (1m)of Race Equality Councils in the North of England, which let in supporting the development of new organisationsDeveloped in conjunction with the Rugby Foo tball League the first ever campaign to tackle racism in Rugby League- Tackle ItDeputy Supervisor/ Trainer, Dewsbury Trust FundMarch 1984 to December 1987Supervised a Community Programme scheme which provided and created training and practice opportunities for over 20 long term unemployed ethnic minoritiesANALYSIS OF THE CHILDRENS WORKFORCE DEVELOPMENT COUNCILIntroductionThe Childrens Workforce Development Council (CWDC) is an England wide executive non-departmental public body set up in 2005 whose vision is to create a world-class workforce for Children, Young People and Families. It does this in two ways by supporting people working with them have the best possible training, qualifications, support and advice and by helping children and young peoples organisations and services to work together better (CWDC, 2010)It receives an yearly grant from the governments Department of Children, Schools and Families (DCSF) for distinct projects and core management costs. Its budget and staf fing have seen massive growth over the last five years.The organisation is strategically managed by a Board of Directors and operationally managed by a cured management team (SMT) consisting of the Chief Executive and five Directors. The SMT is supported by a secondary planning and performance unit (Appendix 4). Each Directorate consists of smaller teams which are responsible for programmes of work and projects. Woodward refers to these as task functions, to wit the basic activities related to producing organisational outcomes. primaeval functions such as IT, Finance and Procurement, Human Resource Management referred to by Woodward as element functions i.e. those activities that support the task function sit within severalize Directorates. (Woodward, as quoted in Mullins, 2007).The HQ is in Leeds with a small digit of plate-based staff. The majority of these are senior staff, but also includes singleton regional managers in the guild English regions.Appendix 5 shows how the delivery of programmes for the workforce is managed within one of the directorates. Projects are grouped into programmes consisting of small project teams. Each programme is answerable to a programme board consisting of key officials from CWDC and its sponsor body, DCSF.Critical AppraisalAppendix 6 provides a SWOT analysis for CWDC. This shows that as a public body it operates in a complex and challenging environment, facing pressures and demands from a heroic group of stakeholders/sources.CWDC is an infrastructure body that does not provide direct services to the workforce it serves and is attempting to upskill and reform the workforce to make it more effective in working with children and young people. To achieve this CWDC has put in place a blessificant betoken electronic project management organization into which all projects relate. This has yielded benefits in terms of consistency, accountability and close management of projects. up to now it is a heavily bureaucratic sys tem which takes up prodigious staff time and has lead to a feeling that the system is driving the organisation.Accountability has become a key driver for CWDC and is influencing its way of delivering its aims. All projects have significant sign off processes including SMT approval. Outward facing activity such as press releases, publications, conference speeches also require sign off at this level. Whilst this is appropriate as it ensures alignment with organisational strategy, it does create a risk averse culture and makes decision making feel longer as well causing managers to feel that they cant make decisions.CWDCs structure is a tall hierarchical one that has evolved as it has grown in size. The SMT have large directorates and accountability for staff is devolved and within Urwicks span of control is within the optimum number of six. Fayols scalar chain showing the direct line from the top to the rear is clear and well understood across CWDC. Whilst this brings advantages in terms of clear lines of authority and accountability, it can also lead to demotivated and disempowered staff, where staff may feel that they have no say or involvement in decision making.Having a centralised base enables CWDC to ensure that there is a consistent approach to strategy and implementation across the organisation and enables more interaction between directorates. On the whole this is effective but having the majority of its senior staff as home workers and out of the office on a day to day basis can mitigate against this. To avoid this there is a significant use of emails and teleconference as well as two all staff conferences each year. The excessive use of email is however potentially counterproductive as it can lead to poorer communication, information overload, be a substitute for face to face contact, be used as a control tool thereby creating try to staff.CWDCs limited regional staff presence also has the potential to create distance between the end user (the wo rkforce) and CWDC. This is however compensated for via strong tie in with representative or employer bodies as well as regional roadshows.A DETAILED ANALYSIS OF THE MANAGERIAL JOB ROLE.Definition of Managerial Role disdain the fact that the theory on what a manager is or does have developed significantly over the last 100 years ago, it is not liberal to define the role of a manager.In the early 1900s, F. W. Taylor pioneered the idea of one best way model to manage employees and structure to achieve maximum performance. Taylorism put forward the idea that the role of the manager was different to that of a worker. Around the same time. Henry Fayol identified five key functions of a manger namely planning, organising, co-ordinating, commanding and controlling. These hold true today though arguably the function of commanding has been replaced with motivating staff to achieve. (Stewart,1999)The work of Stewart and Mintzberg several years later took a slightly different approach to the work of the manager. They identified some key aspects such as managers not operating in orderly well organized worlds, managers interacting and managing relationships with lots of people not just their direct staff, and continually having to work in a fragmented world of variety, at pace and with little plain time. (Stewart 1999,) This is particularly true for me where I find that day to day plans can easily be thrown out of kilter due to unplanned events or circumstances.Mintzberg identified ten roles common to all managers, which he put into three categories as set out below. Mintzberg suggested that a manager had to perform various roles dependent on the particular situation or context. The table (appendix 7) sets out the groupings alongside examples from my work practiceIn todays world, many of the roles identified by early theorists are relevant, however the world has changed dramatically since then. The significant furthers in technology, impact on how managers carry out the informational roles Mintzberg refers to. For example in my experience e-mails, internet and the company intranet now play a major role in enabling information to be disseminated without the need for the manager to do so.Today, managers also need to have the even up set of hard and soft skills to manage the complex and ever-changing world, including interpersonal skills.(Mullins 2007).Important issues for the future include managing change, leadership and motivation of staff, managing diversity, the development of human resources..(Mullins 2007) make operational decisionsOn a daily basis I make operational decisions namely those decisions that concern the day to day running of my area of responsibility (Teale et al, 2003) and those whose impact is immediate on the organisation (Beckford 2001). Such decisions tend to be programmed ones namely those that relate to recurring problems that have occurred often enough to enable a standard response (Daft Marcic, 2009).In my context such decisions include decisions on which supplier to use, use of agency staff, procuring of supplies, recruiting, retaining staff. The factors I take into account, dependent on the context, leave alone includeexisting organisational policies and practices. This is to ensure consistency as well as compliance to company processes and policieswhether I have all the facts available to me or if I need to obtain further informationbudget availability e.g. when replacing staff, or sanctioning costs for servicesrisk evaluation e.g. considering the risk to the organisation in the decision. Most of these operational decisions will be minimal risk as they fall under my command of control. However on occasions for example terminating a contract may have wider ramifications which may well involve consultation with more senior staffimpact on staff in team e.g. making decisions of staff leave requests and whether cover is availablewhether I need to consult with others to help arrive at the decisionOp tions available to the manager for influencing senior managersResearch has identified the wideness of upward influence as a key factor in the effectiveness of managers (Case, Dosier, Murkison, Keys, 1998). There are a number of options available to do this. Reason or using a logical well prepared and presented argument with supporting data and documentation appears to be an effective one when trying to put a case forward (Case, Dosier, Murkison, Keys, 1998 Bhatnagar, 1993). An example of this in my practice is attached at Appendix 8.However there is more to influencing than just having a good argument, building relationships is extremely important. (Paulson, 1991). A manager will therefore need toSee things from their senior managers perspectiveKeep the manager informed to enable them to do their jobBe friendly but keep a professional distancePut forward solutions to problemsSupport the manager but not to the point of being a yes person and express reservations in privateThis las t bullet point has some relevance to me. My reflective diary (incident of 14-16/10/09-appendix 3) shows I need to recognise this aspect more and where appropriate challenge my boss.Operational management-level meetingA key to the success of any meeting is preparation (Kendrick, 2004). Appendix 9 shows an example of how this works in my meetings.This particular meeting refers to the contract inception meeting with a contractor for a complex 4m project. As such prior to the meeting I met with one of my team and agreed all the areas to be covered. An agenda is always produced, based on the purpose of the meeting and expected outcomes from it. The agenda is structured in such a way that it allows time for reviewing action points from previous meeting and prioritising the major items for password in order of priority. It also includes an item at the end for round of agreed actions. This is to ensure that participants leave the meeting with a clear understanding of the character of and o wner of the agreed actions.A note taker is critical in key meetings to ensure accurate note taking and enable me to chair and facilitate the meeting. legal proceeding reflecting the key areas of discussion and action points are always produced within a few days of meeting, so as to ensure completion of actions in advance of the next meeting. Following the meeting a de-brief is held with the note taker to ensure all points have been captured but also to check that the meetings objectives have been realised (Kendrick 2004).Due to the importance of these meeting I chair them. This enables me to ensure control as the contract manager. However my style is participatory and informal to allow full contribution from all participants, as it is in the organisational interest that contractors work together with us to deliver this project.Delegating effectivelyTime is at a premium for a manager (Stewart, 1999). Delegation is necessary to ensure that decisions are made at the lowest level to sa ve organisational cost and free up time for management duties (Mullins 2007). However delegation must not be seen as a reason for merely dumping work onto staff or abdicating managerial responsibilities (Jones, 1979). Not all work, though, can be delegated e.g. supervision, planning, disciplinary matters which must remain with the manager (Ghazda, 2002).The key to successful delegation lies in having a planned and systematic approach to it (Mullins, 2007). in the first place determining whether to delegate the manager needs to be clear on the task and whether the task is being delegated for results or for employee development (Ghazda, 2002).Assumptions should also not be made about the willingness of the employee to take on the task (McConalogue, 1993). They may be afraid of failure or lack confidence (Jones, 1979). Managers need to be aware of this.The manager should also set clear objectives and identify with the employee what the expected results are (Ghazda, 2002), which should be written down (Jones, 1979). Guidance and support should be provided throughout without being too instructive as this will inhibit employee development (Mullins, 2007 Jones, 1979). Employees must be able to feel that authority has been passed on without fear of the manager always interfering or checking on them i.e. having the freedom of action within agreed terms (Mullins, 2007). Monitoring of the task is important and should be defined at the onset through agreed milestones (Ghazda, 2002). Manager should also check progress informally and through ongoing supervision.On reflection my practice covers most of the requirements for effective delegation. However I need to do more on formally considering employee willingness to carry out the tasks delegated to them and write down clear objectives as per paras 18-19 above.Mentoring and supporting othersThere are numbers of definitions of mentoring, but one that is interesting is below which highlights that mentoring can be beneficial to both the mentor and mentee.Mentoring is a learning partnership between two people with different levels of experience and with the potential to achieve new learning, new insight and personal growth (Poulsen, 2006)Mentoring uses all types of helping to learn styles i.e. coaching, counselling, guiding and networking (Clutterbuck, 2004). Mentoring can be formal and structured or informal, but for it to succeed it needs to have a structure but operate informally (Clutterbuck, 2004). On reflection, I can say that I have not formally mentored my staff but I believe that at times I have followed the four learning to help styles primarily in a job task completion context. Nor did I realise its potential development benefits for me and staff. A follow up action is for me to informally mentor a member of CWDC staff and this has been incorporated into my Learning and Development Plan (see Appendix 10)PERSONAL DEVELOPMENTTraining and Development HistoryAppendix 11 sets out my personal traini ng and development history.My development has been primarily related to my previous career within the equality industry. In particular my development has been through spending twenty years rising up the ranks at the Commission for Racial Equality (CRE), achieving a high level position managing four regions within England. During that time I also went on secondment twice to enhance my knowledge and experience of working in other organisations.Following closure of the CRE, I became a consultant. This did not last long as I found the lack of uncertainty around work to be unsuitable and I missed the security of working within teams an established organisation. My self analysis using Belbins eight group roles showing me as a team worker supports this (Appendix 12).I therefore chose to take a lower level job in a new area (workforce reform policy) on the understanding that I would, within 2-3 years, obtain a higher level position within the new company or outside it.Learning and Developme nt PlanMy learning development plan (LDP) at Appendix 10 is based on my work related appraisal (appendix 13), issues arising from my assessment against the CMI standards (para 10 below) as well as the completion of the University of Huddersfields Guide to Reflective Practice Workbook (appendix 14).A key area I would like to focus is developing my own resilience to deal with situations in a more rounded manner. This will require me to be continuously reflect on my behaviours in different contexts. I have found the rigour of using a template for reflection for my learning set particularly useful and have started to extend this to other situations.A significant strength that has been identified is my competency to develop effective working relationships both within my team and externally. Comments from my line manager support thisOne of your strongest competences (working with others). You inspire others to work with you and balance a range of personal and external demands. The learnin g on your management course is beginning to pay dividends and providing a theoretical background to your personal approach. It is helping you to achieve at the higher levels of this competence (Appendix 13)Reflection on the significance of the MBA programmeThe programme is significant for me for the following reasonsIt will provide me with a qualification to support my 20+ years of management experience, which in turn will lead to new opportunities for progression to a more strategic management position within my existing employer or externallyIt will enable me to engage with current and new management ideas and practices thereby influencing my future practice.I will hear views and perspectives from other managers from other sectorBoth of the above will make me a better manager and leader.I am already benefitting from attendance on the programme. In particular it has helped me identify my strengths as well as areas for development. My knowledge of the theoretical aspects of e.g. man aging people is also influencing my approaches to work situations. Attendance on the course has particularly given me the confidence to think differently and if necessary challenge in situations where previously I would not have.Progress in meeting the contract Manager standards.Appendices 15-16 provide a self assessment against the Chartered Manager standards using the National Occupational Standards for Management and Leadership. (http//www.management-standards.org).This shows that I meet many of the require standards either in my current role or through previous experience. Areas for improvement areConsistently apply strategic thinkingAdapt leadership style to take account of diverse situationsIdentify opportunities for change and developmentEstablish information management and communication systemsManage complexity to positive effectOptimise use of financial and other resourcesDemonstrate resilience on achieving personal goals

Marketing Strategies Of Loreal Marketing Essay

Marketing Strategies Of Loreal Marketing EssayThe trade chosen for this assignment is for cosmetic carrefours which dumbfound already a huge market and growing at a rapid rate with consumers having contrasting working attitudes and style, and companies producing goods according to the topical anaesthetic requirement in uniformity to the wants of the customers and consumers. This is more evident when we compare the DE (Developing and Emerging) pyramid of global population in 2009 getting transformed into a Diamond from a positive transition from non Yet to Aspiring and to Have Lots. This assignment compares and contrasts the way in which two different companies, LOreal and Unilever carry out their world-wide market. Initi each(prenominal)y this assignment revolves around the two mega cosmetic brand industry LOreal and Unilever and their market tactics and strategies around the globe in a few countries.LOreal a cosmetic giant is operating in over 130 countries worldwide and recorded a twistingover 17.5 billion in 2009. The comp whatever records a consistent growth of over the years epoch there is a dip from 2008 to 2009 especi exclusivelyy due to economic slowdown in the global market. The consistent growth of the community and the share in the ill-tempered market is due to its varied marketing activities and innovation in Research and Development. The Company, in 2009, has spent 5.4 Billion as Advertising and Promotion which is pie-eyed to 30% of their annual revenue and 0.6 billion in Research and Development, almost quarter of their annual Operating Profit. The company differs itself from other companies in the sphere of harvest-home/ serving design packaging brand name/logo price advertising sales promotion distribution channel(s).Their website reads At LOreal, we have made cosmetics the localize of all our energy and know-how for n other(a) a century. We are fully committed to putt all our expertise and research resources to work for the well-being of men and women, in all their diversity, around the worldUnilever, a nonher multinational giant operating in degree Celsius countries (products sold in 170 countries) recorded annual revenue of close to 40 billion in 2009. Unilever spent 5.3 billion (13% of their revenue) for their Advertisement and Promotion budget and close to 18% (0.9 billion) on their Research and Development. Unilever realise that innovation is nominate to their progress, and by cutting-edge science they are constantly enhancing their brands, improving their nutritional properties, taste, fragrance, or functionality.It is quite interesting to read the prototypal sentence of their website On any given day, two billion people use Unilever products to look good, feel good and get more out of lifeGlobal reach allows two the companies to get closer to consumers in local markets to understand diverse needs and priorities of peoples lives in so many different ways.The success of Brand LOreal lies in the item that the company succeeded in reaching out to the customers of different countries of the world, across different income plys and cultural patterns, giving them the appropriate product they are chargey of. The area of expertise of LOreal being that it succeeded almost in every country that it entered. The strategies of LOreal was varied enough to help it and stop itself from restricting itself in a single country. LOreal sold its product on the basis of customer demand and country want rather than keeping the product identical across the globe. It make productive number of brands or mammoth brands entrenched to the restricted culture and which appealed to a variety of segment of the universal market instead of generalising the brand and edible in innumerable culture. LOreal went on to being a local product in every international market. The brand extension of LOreal a handle came in the give care sector or the same segment of market. LOreal believed in growing it s expertise in the segment it is conscious of rather than going into a completely new sector of marketLOreal had construct a dozen or so mega brands rooted in the local culture and appealing to different segments of the global market. Instead of homogenizing the respective(a) brands and making them delectable in myriad cultures, Owen-J whizzs decided to embody their (the brands) country of origin, turning what many marketing gurus considered a narrowing factor into a marketing virtue.As a senior LOreal manager put it, You have to be local and as toilsome as the ruff locals but rumped by an international paradigm and strategy. We have made a conscious effort to diversify the cultural origins of our brands.Brand ExtensionsLOreal realized the need for caution in case of brand extensions. The company extended its brands after doing a thorough research. When LOreal decided to enter the kids wash category in 1998, it debated whether to launch a new brand or go for an extension. The company realized the LOreal name, long associated with womens hair care, would capture instant credibility with moms. But Kids was really a child-oriented product. When LOreal first unveiled its LOreal Kids shampoo tune early 1998, retailers were sceptical. Retailers say the care for isnt there. We say it is that the child establishes value. We were pretty tenacious. mentioned Carol Hamilton, 45, senior VP-marketing for the LOreal retail division of CosmairLOreal professionals mechanises with LOreal professional salons in order to not hardly aid their product but also to help hairdressers to have a vision, excel and accomplish.LOreal has divided their product scarper in five different categories to focus its marketing activities exclusively designed for the sended market audience. professional person products for the service sector business holders like hair salons. Consumer Products for mass consumption of local people. Luxury Products for those who want to invent a littl e more extra and who are cautious about how they look. Cosmetics general cosmetics. Body Shop a new sector of product range said to have based its products after getting inspired from the nature.The body shop was founded in 1976 in the united Kingdom well known for its strong product base of natural ingredients and having a network of over 2550 stores in 63 countriesUnilever on the other hand is a British-Dutch multinational company owning ample number of consumer products in the food, beverage and the personal care product sector. Promises to give a consistent evolution in the sustainable living plan of the commoners.In a world of hype and stereotypes, the dive Unilever provides a refreshing alternative for women who recognise that strike isnt simply about how you look but it makes a honest difference. dive Unilever is committed to widening the definition of beauty for women because it believes real beauty comes in all ages, shapes and sizes. To help enjoy your own brand of be auty, peacenik provides an all-encompassing range of cleansing and personal care products that make a genuine difference to the condition and feel of skin and hair.Dove is the UKs top Bar gook brand and 45% of the population bought a Dove product in 2010. In fact, 10.1 million women use Dove every week in the UK.Unilever first launched its products in the US during the 1950s, and in 1957 the basic Dove bar formula was refined and developed into the Original Dove Beauty bar. It was launched as a beauty soap that was clinically proven to be milder on dry and sensitive skins. The following years saw the launch of more bath time treats like beauty baths and moisturising body washes.Unilever Dove then expanded its brand into antiperspirant deodorants and Pro-Age, a range of skin cream and hair care products specialally designed in accordance to the requirement of the local women. Unilever re-defined the definition of beauty for women. In 2010 Unilever Dove came out with another revol utionary product of Damage therapy which could be use by the consumers at home rather than spending a fortune on other beauty therapies to keep their hair strong damage free. In 2010 Unilever also diversifies its Dove products from the female sector to the male and hence the birth of a completely new brand of products in which Unilever had never stepped its foot into, the Dove custody Care brand was formed prolonging deodorants and body washes specifically designed for the male skin.LOreal entered India with the hair colour product, they changed the way consumers viewed the product. From being a product for the old-age to turn grey hair into shining black, LOreal targeted the young market for whom looking stylish and to the modern mark wasimportant, a very tough job to change the mind-sets of the people.Dove entered India in the late 1993. Dove-known to be a custodian to promise gave products to women to satisfy them all over the world. Dove started giving out products which fitte d to their customer requirement in the female sector. In India Dove became the fastest growing hair care shampoo product in fifteen month of its launch proving its Promotional strategies to be worth.LOreal launched a shampoo+oil in India under Garnier brand name which is best suited for local Indian market but Unilever standardized the product rather than launching a new brand in a local market.LOreal focuses on target customers and then tailored their supply chain mold according to the need of the specific geographical location while Unilever focus on mass market and depend on the overall economic festering and the increasing purchasing power of the people.Portfolio of Brand management of Unilever is quite huge although 75% of their revenue comes from only 25 major brands. Therefore strategy of Unilever is on a much broader scale of mass consumption. However, LOreal spends their major advertisement activities towards focussed clientele and depends heavily on new product innovatio n in 2009 unaccompanied LOreal has filed for 674 patent applications.ADVERTISINGLOreal-because you are worth it, gives a kind of a fulfilment to the consumer that the kind of product the consumer was looking for, this is it. It gives the customer the belief that the product worth a lot and hence they are worth it validates to them being as worthy as the product though most of planning and thinking is only a virtual belief.LOreal started its advertising campaign in the late 1920 via posters and other such mediums. It first time appeared onscreen in 1950s in movies. In todays date LOreal got reputation of all ages to promote their product. The strategy that LOreal used here is to use local celebrities to whom the common man relate to rather than having practiced one celebrity to promote their product globally. For physical exertion in India LOreal used ex Miss World Aishwariya Rai to promote their product where as in the United Kingdom they used Penelope Cruz to promote their prod uct. This got LOreal the image of Traditional Beauty. LOreal knew that the best way to attract customers was to bestow the customers with the image that they could become as beautiful as their favourite celebrities.Dove on the other hand used the tactic of complementing their customers giving them a profound positive vibe by giving a positive line of you are beautiful.Dove uses unhomogeneous creative marketing strategies like using Facebook which is a social commerce networking site to promote its product. Dove has made its products functional to the customers on the social website. Dove believes that it makes complete sense to move from a social networking website to a purchase worthwhile at the same place.Launching a rivalrous advertisement in competition with LOreal with the tag line Dove is No.1 Shampoo sending prospective customers personalised emails with such adverts and making customer believe that it is the best the customer throw out get.Given the image of real women Dove never used or endorsed their products through celebrities like in the case of LOreal. Instead Unilever built a new strategy for Dove. Given the cote of being Real Women Dove used a corporate advertising strategy by various cultures of women and project an image of self-satisfaction for the Unilever brands. Unilever tried to get their customer in the real world and by not giving them a fake hope that they could be liketheir favourite celebrity but giving them a hope that they could be beautiful with the real beauty bestowed in them.Unilever made its product Dove available to the customers through Facebook and other social networking sites in the United States and other parts of the world, with Unilever unveiling the new ecommerce offering shortlyMarshall Manson, Europe Middle eastmost and Africa managing leaveor of digital at Unilevers PR agency Edelman, said It makes sense to allow users to move directly from a social grape vine recommendation, or from schooling a brand has shared, to purchase.He also said that the move makes it easier for Dove to connect social activity with business values and measure their effectiveness.The news comes just days after a study by Foresee found that consumers prefer email marketing messages than social media interactions with retailer websites in the UK.Larry Freed, president and fountainhead executive officer of ForeSee Results, said brands need to be aware of how their target markets are influenced by promotional emails, advertising on Facebook or word-of-mouth recommendations.SALES PROMOTIONIn India LOreal brought the international style by transforming the looks in the form of amenities to its customers. LOreal marked its products through hair salons, owning over 2000 saloons over 36 cities in India.LOreal and Unilever competed on getting positioned in the shelf-space in the United States to be in the eye of the customers.Dove on the other hand promoted its product by positioning itself the best that is as the nu mber one product and also with the help of dove the seven day argufy, where dove promised healthy hair or money back guarantee.In the United States Dove bought about the half-faced challenge. Dove asked the American customers to use the product on half of their face and feel the difference.Dove relies on websites to carry out its major sales promotions. Dove used theOscar ceremony by paying huge amount to broadcast live on television on the prime advertising time a 45second advertisement to bring their product into the eyes of the people. The real beauty code used by Unilever for Dove gained a lot of intangible possession towards Dove by Increasing customer devotedty and sales towards the brand. This led to a continuous beginning in the sales of Dove from 2005 to 2006 sales of dove grew by 10.1%.LOreal on the other hand promised a reduction in the hair fall or healthy hair. LOreal carried out its sales promotion having a wide assortment with varying range of products for subvent ion and the middle class. Though LOreals premium product was at low demand, LOreal kept on reinforcing them through promoting their premium brand as a look of necessity. LOreal produced its goods in the form of services to the market by distributing it through professional hair-dressers. LOreals products came with various names such as the LOreal Paris hair colour which imbibed the country name in the brand which fostered the customer the urge of possessing that product.WEBSITEThe LOreal website not only gives a brief introduction of its varied product features but it also gives information about the company history and also about the various product ranges for women in the market supplementing it with a little extra of for women categorising it specifically for them.LOreal in China launched a website in mandarin to help customer simple accessibility and making it easy for them to use the website. Due to this strategy of LOreal the customers felt more close to the brand and made it easy for the customers to access the product easily.Unilever for dove maintains its simpli city in its website also but to it dove also make ups up a space for testimonials to looks at the customer response and also gave out various offers and promotions. To that Dove had also added up an interactive session and video to show how dove has helped peoples hair giving the customers the proof to what they claimed.They also came up with advertisement of the websites specific to that part of the region. Unilever wanted the local customer to be able to relate with the brand and see for themselves how they could look beautiful just by themselves.For example the Indian website had adverts of Dove dry hair shampoo which helped rough dry hair and sustained split-ends whereas in the United Kingdome Unilever had a range of special shampoo to reduce and prevent hair fall which generally happened in accordance to the hard water.DISTRIBUTION CHANNELA market channel is one of the most important f actors in the marketing of a product. It closures the period, space and hole in the market between the consumers and the product manufacturers. In India to distribute its product Dove Unilever uses 3 approaches, indirect coverage, and direct coverage and Streamline method. Dove Unilever looked out for short supply-chain for distribution to meet its customers needs and to reach out to a huge population. In India Unilever elected sub-stockist that cover up the mass part of the marketing areas where as in the Unites Kingdome Unilever were in direct contact with the retailers.Over 180 million units are produced in the United Kingdom annum and 65% of it is exported overseas.LOreal believes that its their obligation to generate value for the customers and hence adopts various sales strategies to the precise distribution channel of every individual market.http//en.oboulo.com/l-oreal-s-penetration-into-the-indian-market-64841.htmlhttp//company.monster.com/lorealusafr.aspxWith 290 subsidiar ies, more than 100 distributors and 42 plants, all spread out in about 130 countries, LOreal is the leader of the cosmetic industry.The group has begun its internationalisation in 1912 by following three steps First, commercialisation of professional shampoos to hair-dressers via distributors in near Europe (Spain, Italy, Great Britain, Germany and Poland) and in the Americas first landing Second, local firms are taken over for example in the USA (Redken 1993, Maybelline 1996 etc.), in Argentina (Miss Y lang 2000) go native Third, subsidiaries (production, research and development) are directly created (Greenfield investment) without any first passage via distribution. It is the case in Asia (Japan and Hong Kong) globalisation.The group has to face harsh competition and new stakes like diversify its product segments (baby-boomers which become mammy-boomers American, French and Japanese young with specific tastes and men), influence new means of distribution (like on line sales) and finally, take advantage before the competitors, of new emerging markets like Asia, India, Latin America, Africa and East European countries.When LOreals master key Products Division entered India in 1997, hair care Industry as a market segment is almost insignificant. There were no nonionic education and training, couple of in question(p) domestic products and prohibitive expensive foreign brands.The first strategy of LOreal was to exploit this inherent gap in the nascent industry and invested heavily in hairdressing and training. Their head start also ensured broad distribution in the focussed market.We skim the top 100 cities in India and have the largest salon base in the country, of which 20 per cent is exclusive to us, contributing to 40 per cent of our revenue. Says Sharma, Director, LOreal Professional Products Division. He further adds Our biggest cost is the education of our trade. We have over 40 trainers its an entire machine that needs constant oiling.In 2009, thi s industry alone in India is 33 Mio, growing in double digits, and LOreal Professional Products Professionnel and Kerastase are market leaders.LOreal Professional Products prides itself on a product they believe is technologically unmatched. 3.5 per cent of our sales are pumped back into research development the best technology goes back into the trade, says Vismay Sharma, director, LOreal Professional Products Division.The challenge is to beat competitors who is adopting the same strategy. But competitors are eating into the same strategy. Both Schwarzkopf, at the number two position in the industry, and Wella have launched technical training centres. Schwarzkopf even launched a by-invitation-only hairdressers club and flew 150 members to Goa for an inaugural meeting.Strategy of Schwarzkopf is to demand an increased commitment to turnover in return from these loyal and exclusive customers to become high volume buyers. Wella, the other brand which entered India in 2001, is aiming to be in 5,000 salons by June 2006.LOreal organizes Colour trophy, a nationwide quest to pass off the most creative hairdressers in the country and also sponsor hair shows besides their annual showcasing of global fashions in hairdressing and colour to give a platform to unleash creativity and lead to creating new trends in the industry.And in a revision of distribution strategy, Schwarzkopf has just begun retailing their hair colour range to power growth. Sharma reacts, LOreal Professional Products began by selling through Parisienne salons. Thats at the heart of our business we will not dilute it by retailing for home use.Okay, so the LOreal brand is strong, well established within target markets, and Sharma claims sales are up in India, although figures dont come by easily in the discussion. Well, this was the time, then, to become more proactive than ever before to begin the task of figuring out just what it was going to take to sustain their competitive advantage and ensure t hat they point at the cutting edge of their field.And so, in February this year, LOreal announced the arrival of Matrix (their number one brand in the US), an affordable range of hair products to add to their existing offering to offer Indian hairdressers the option of using a professional brand at this price point.The value proposition is similar. Both brands offer all the support hairdressers need, from education, complete in-salon marketing, and salon promotions. Matrix, however will thrive on depth of distribution, with a training centre in every city it retails in.LOreal India is the only company to offer products at three different price points luxury, premium and affordable. With this they will have a combination no one can beat.LOreal hasextensive campaign for LOreal Paris Lip Colour. They also wish to modify the product by adding SPF, so that lips can be protected from harmful. They are also putting ads in TV and out of home advertisements like hoardings, at malls on digi tal screenMarketing StrategyDistribution Will widen distribution network by giving various incentives to distributers, retailers, stockiest in order, not to loseself-space to competition.Promotion Will be distributing complementary lip care guide on negligible purchase, having tips on how the various brand ambassadors of LOreal Paris apply Lip Colour on themselves and take care of their lips.Social Responsibility LOreal supports campaign for safe cosmetics which was started in October 2007. This will help in produceing consumer confidence, that LOreal Lip colour is safeBrand ManagementLOreal had built a dozen or so mega brands rooted in the local culture and appealing to different segments of the global market. Instead of homogenizing the various brands and making them palatable in myriad cultures, Owen-Jones decided to embody their country of origin, turning what marketing experts considered a narrowing factor into a marketing virtue. LOreal believed as being local but being back ed up by the global international image diversifying the traditionalroots of brands.Brand ExtensionsLOreal realized the need for caution in case of brand extensions. When LOreal decided to enter the kids shampoo category in 1998, it debated whether to launch a new brand or go for an extension. The company realized the LOreal name, long associated with womens hair care, would capture instant credibility with moms. But Kids was really a child-oriented product. When LOreal first unveiled its LOreal Kids shampoo line early 1998, retailers were sceptical.Advertising and PromotionLOreal backed its product innovations with the twelfth-largest media budget in the world. In the late 1980s and early 1990s, foreign charges, which included LOreals advertising and promotions expenditure jumped from 37% to 47% of sales. LOreal increased its global ad spending to $1.25 billion in 1998. LOreal had a unique promotion polity for all its brands. A brand, which sold in mass-market outlets, advertised and promoted itself in a way similar to brands sold in department stores.Corporate StructureLOreal was organized as a clutch of small profit centres, some with as few as ten employees. The companys work culture encouraged audits and budget meetings to focus less on the spilled milk of the past, and more on leading indicators of how things would look at year-end.These meetings encouraged discussions to find out which overlooked products showed signs of life but were undercapitalized and which products were not matching expectations and needed pruning. The structure allowed LOreal to move fastCompetitionLOreal faced competition from various formidable rivals. On one side, cosmetic majors like Revlon and Avon and Nivea vied for shelf space. On the other, there were the giant FMCG companies like Unilever and PG. There were also local competitors like HLL-Lakme in India, Dark and Lovely in Africa, and the erstwhile Shu Umera in Japan (LOreal later acquired this brand).Dove brand has gro wn inIndia from a mere 12.5 Mio to 85 Mio in 2006 with products across the soap, shampoo, deodorant and skin care segments.Dove brand became Indias premium brand within one year of its launch.Some years ago the key to success was penetration in the market but it has changed now to educating the target customers about the benefit of the product and using it the right way.Unilever in India is well positioned because they have the right portfolio, focussed brands and operates at various price points. Being the market leader in India and estimated market growth is at 40-50%, Unilevers strategy is to build the market and translate other opportunities for launching new products like serum, masks and treatments under umbrella brand of Dove.To continue its leadership position, Unilever is constantly upgrading Dove from time to time to meet customers needs like Dove Daily, Dove dry therapy, Dove jailbreak therapy and son on.Levers strategy is to build rural market for increasing consumption level. Market estimate that 80% rural population have used shampoo but the big challenge is to convert the one time consumers to repeat purchasers, are they buying next week.next month, next quarter?The strategy and challenge is to go deeper to media dark villages and build sales which will become the market of the future. Just for an example close to 30-40% of UP, the largest state in India, is media dark.Unilever in India has started running one of their largest consumer connect initiatives Khushiyon Ki Doli. It allows them to go deeper to villages with population of 5000 people. The heartening part is that consumers are will to embrace new things in life if they see a value proposition.The strategy of Unilever is broadly on the following basisAdopted Total Productive Maintenance (TPM) which means Zero Error and Zero Loss con supply chain module to enhance customer serviceTo meet everyones needs at various product level and price pointsPenetrate, educate and build markets for the future Project Shakti is targeted towards reaching small villages through micro financing model to reach village women.Integrate economic, environmental and social objectives with sustainable business agenda. finis

Manage finance and budgets :: essays research papers

Pre-amble Custometal Pty Ltd has been trading since 1992 under a couple of different names before becoming a proprietorship in 1998. Since its conception in 1992 it has been with the same owner and trades today as a sole proprietorship.Custometals customers consist of the construction industry across Melbourne. Custometal is what is known in the industry as a metal work sub-contractor, with our scope of works basically consisting of custom fabricating all metal items excluding structural steel and items that can be mass produced. Custometals company structure consists of 1 full general manager, 2 accounts staff, 2 estimating staff, 1 foreman, 2 leading hands and 16 tradesmen, 4 labourers and superstar apprentice. Being a trade based company really what we are selling is the time and skills of our workforce more then a physical balance product of their labour.1.0 IntroductionBeing a trade based company Custometals budgets are not as easy and strait forward as those of manufacturin g, retail or even most services companies. Like most companies, we have sales targets, administration budgets, and services budgets that can be fixed, but our shop budgets and production-based budgets rely heavily on the amount of contracts we have and the type of products we have to supply. The flow of Custometals budgets like most are circular, therefore it is difficult to prate about communication of budgets without talking about reporting procedures and how activities are controlled and monitored. The production cycle of our products starts with the estimating discussion section, once the contract is awarded, the estimating department communicates the budget to the production staff who detain communicate the budget to the tradespeople. With the aid of the accounts staff, the production staff monitor and control the budget though the production cycle and report the outcomes back to the estimating department and the general manager and this analysis is used by the estimating de partment to refine quoting procedures and formulate estimates for simular jobs. 2.0 Roles of the departments2.1 Estimating DepartmentThe estimating department is responsible for formulating production budgets by providing quotes to Custometals customers. By submitting quotes, the estimating department enters into a legal agreement with the customer where they are agreeing that if a contract is awarded to Custometal, we will undertake the works at the price stated. The quote and the documentation provided by the customer become legal documents stating the followingThe product on offer Tender documents are a package that includes a scope of works, written specifications of the product, requirements such as Australian standards to conform with and conditions that the product has to stand up to, detailed drawings and bills of quantities.

Terrorism Essay -- essays research papers

Terrorism Cause and ResponsesAnswer 1Our world has been a victim of terrorism and terrorist acts since the civilized human life began on this planet. on that point have been groupings and extremists who have been unhappy about something or the some other all on during the development of our world. It can be seen that the ways how these people terrorized the world has changed along with time. Terrorists have always used the path of violence to get their voice heard to the world. With the technological innovations these aggroups also adapted their means of violence. One of the examples of the traditional terrorist group (which I must clear that any Indian would not believe it to be a terrorist group but at the time was labeled as a terrorist group) was Hindustan (Indian) Republican Association in India. The whole world knows that India got its independence by following the path directed by Mahatma Gandhi of non-violence, but not some(prenominal) people know that even during the time of Gandhi India did see some brave soldiers like Chandrashekhar Azad, Bhagat Singh, Sukhdev, and many more young generation people who formed groups to involution against the British government. These people were called terrorists by the British government during that time. One of the most famous groups of that time was Hindustan (Indian) Republican Association (HRA) and Bhagat Singh was one of the most active members of group. in the first place Bhagat Singh joined HRA the activities and the purpose of this group was unknown to the general public of India and that was one of the main reasons that even the population of India thought that this group was a terrorist organization, but everything changed afterward Bhagat Singh joined HRA. Bhagat Singh was a well educated man who believed in collectivism. He studied the writings of the anarchist leader Bakunin, some thing of the father of communism Marx, but more of Lenin, Trotsky and others who had succeeded in bringing about a revolution in their country. For Bhagat Singh the decisive break came in the post-1926 period when the Hindustan Republican Association leadership fell on his shoulders. He lost no time in articulating the necessity of having a political ideology and that was to be Marxism. In 1928, Bhagat Singh also had the righteousness of the Hindustan Republican Association with Chandra Shekhar A... ...ocracy. On the other end the radical Islamic groups argon not at all confined to their own country they are more interested in spreading the word of Islam in the whole world. The Islamic groups would indulge in terrorist act towards their own country only when it is necessary. The other big difference is the highly sophisticated training camps that the radical Islamic groups use is not that easily available to the right wing groups. The funding in case of the right wing groups is limited and does not have any support from their own government or the people. One of the most important goals of the radical Islamic terrorist groups is the formation of a coalition of all loosely-affiliated Islamic groups and countries and spread the word of Islam in the world. On the other hand there is not more than of a connection between different right wing American terrorist groups amongst themselves. The reason behind the right wing American terrorist groups and the radical Islamic terrorist groups to be different might be that their final goals are different from each other. Some of their methods of beliefs might be similar but except that the final goals of twain the groups do not match.